Chapter 1 Flashcards
Nervous tissue
Specialized elongated extremely irritable. Muscle contracts in response to the electrochemical stimuli provided by the nervous system.
Motor unit
Produces muscle action.
Consist of a nerve cell and all the muscle Iberia served by the nerve cell
Nerve cell
Axon - nerve cell process divides into
Axon fibrils then terminate in the form of
Muscle ends plates which are in direct contact with the muscle fibers
Muscle contraction
Latent period - interval between the onset of stimulus and onset of contraction
Contraction period - returns to previous relaxed state
Refractory period - chemical phase that restores the muscle to its normal resting state.
Innervation ratio
High innervation ratio = many muscle fibers to few nerve cells. Execute crude movements with large muscle contractions
Low innervation ratio - few muscle fibers to many nerve cells - smaller contractions with finer control
Vascular tissue
Fluid tissues. 10% of the body. Transport food and oxygen to the living cells of the body and take wast materials generated by cellular activity. They distribute heat and defend the body against disease. Fluids remain consistent due to the circulatory system which is the lungs thorax and the left and right ventricles.
Blood
Lymph
Vascular tissue - blood
Contains corpuscles (cells) and platelets which are separated by a fluid intercellular substance called blood plasma
Vascular tissue - lymph
Immediate nutrient of the tissue, colorless, watery looking liquid , contains cells called lymphocytes.
Organ
Two or more tissues combined and show unity. Somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function
Parenchyma
Cells that compose the essential structures of an organ
Systems - 11 of them
Skeletal Articular Muscular Digestive Vascular Nervous Respiratory Urinary Generative and reproduction Endocrine Integumentary
Myofibrils
Delicate filaments muscle fibers are composed of that contain long protein molecules called myosin and actin
Anatomy
The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
Different parts of anatomy
Descriptive Regional Applied Microscopic Developmental Geriatric
Speech pathologists are interested in what type of anatomy
Regional of the head and neck
Physiology
The science that deals with the function of living organisms or their parts
Different types of physiology
Animal Applied Cellular Experimental Pathological General Special Vegetable
-arthrodial
Joint
Bi
Two or double
Cellular
Related to the cell
Chondrium
Related to cartilage
Cyto-
Pertaining to a cell
Endo-
Toward the interior
Epi-
Upon or above
Extra-
Outside of
Inter-
Between
Intra-
Within
Meatus
An opening
Meso
Middle or intermediate
Micro-
Small size
-mysium
Pertains to muscle
Os
Bone
-osteum
Pertains to the bone
Peri-
Around
-plasm
Cellular substance
Proto
First
Uni-
One or single
Anatomical state
The living body, standing erect, facing the observer, eyes front, arms a that side with the palms of the hand and the tips of the feet directed forward.
Anterior
Toward the front or away from the back
Usually used with reference to the free extremities or the head, sometimes call ventral
Posterior
Toward the back or away from the front
This term is used with reference to free extremities or the head, sometimes called dorsal
Superior
Upper; as distinct from superficial.
Inferior
Lower; as distinct from deep
Cranial or rostral
Toward the head, sometimes called rostral
Caudal
Toward the tail, away from the head, usually restricted to the trunk
Internal
Toward the inner surface
Usually used to describe the body cavities or the body wall. Sometimes call deep
External
Toward the outer surface. Most often used to describe body cavities or the body wall. Sometimes called superficial.
Medial
Toward the axis or midline
Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
Proximal
Toward the body or toward the root of a free extremity.
Distal
Away from the body or the root of a free extremity
Dorsal
Toward the backbone, away from the front of the body
Ventral
Away from the backbone or toward the front of the body
Prone
Laying on stomach with palms up
Supine
Laying on back with palms down
Sagittal plane
Vertical or longitudinal cut
Divides body into right and left halves
Also call mid sagittal if exactly cut at the midline, Dividing body into equal halves, if not equal halves, called sagittal
Frontal plane
Coronal
Passes through the he body, dividing it into front and back. Also considered vertical or longitudinal
Divides from front and back
Horizontal plane
Transverse or cross sectional
Cutting across the body and dividing it into upper and lower halves or sections. Superior and inferior.
Cells
Highly organized masses of protoplasm
We call it life
How do we determine of a living cell
Irritability Growth Spontaneous movement Metabolism Reproduction
Hoe long do cells live
Nervous system - life time
Blood cells - 4 months.
Cells protoplasm
Basic substance that enters into the composition in living cells.
Two parts of a cell
Nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleus of the cell
Usually speroidal or elongated; conforms to the general shape of the cell
control center of the cell
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope - endoplasmic reticulum which seems to be continuous with the cell membrane.
Ground substance of the nucleus contains chromatin which consists of DNA.
DNA contributes to the formation of chromosomes during cell division and responsible for transmission of genetic traits
Contains the nucleous - houses ribosomes (necessary for protein biosynthesis.
Cytoplasm of the cell
Consist of 70-85% water and 20% protein, fluid outside of the nucleus
Controls the exchange of certain molecules and ions between the cell and its environment
Cell parts
Plasma membrane Organelles Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes Microtubules Microfilm nets Centrioles.
