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Genetics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism with a simple cell structure. Prokaryotes include eubacteria and archaea.

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2
Q

eukaryote

A

Organism with a complex cell structure including a nuclear envelope and membrane-bounded organelles. One of the three primary divisions of life, eukaryotes include unicellular and multicellular forms.

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3
Q

eubacteria

A

One of the three primary divisions of life. Eubacteria consist of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells and include most of the common bacteria.

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4
Q

archaea

A

One of the three primary divisions of life. Archaea consist of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells.

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5
Q

nucleus

A

Space in eukaryotic cells that is enclosed by the nuclear envelope and contains the chromosomes.

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6
Q

histone

A

Low-molecular-weight protein found in eukaryotes that complexes with DNA to form chromosomes.

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7
Q

chromatin

A

Material found in the eukaryotic nucleus; consists of DNA and proteins.

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8
Q

virus

A

Noncellular replicating agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; can replicate only within its host cell.

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9
Q

homologous pair of chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics. One chromosome of a homologous pair is inherited from the male parent and the other is inherited from the female parent.

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10
Q

diploid

A

Possessing two sets of chromosomes (two genomes).

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11
Q

haploid

A

Possessing a single set of chromosomes (one genome).

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12
Q

polyploid

A

Possession of more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.

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13
Q

telomere

A

stable end of a chromosome

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14
Q

origin of replication

A

Site where DNA synthesis is initiated.

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15
Q

sister chromatid

A

Two copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere. Each chromatid consists of a single DNA molecule.

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16
Q

cell cycle

A

Stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next.

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17
Q

checkpoint

A

A key transition point at which progression to the next stage in the cell cycle is regulated.

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18
Q

interphase

A

Period in the cell cycle between the cell divisions. In interphase, the cell grows, develops, and prepares for cell division.

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19
Q

M (mitotic) phase

A

Period of active cell division; includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

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20
Q

mitosis

A

Process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides.

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides

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22
Q

prophase

A

Stage of mitosis. In prophase, the chromosomes contract and become visible, the cytoskeleton breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

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23
Q

prometaphase

A

Stage of mitosis. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes.

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24
Q

metaphase

A

Stage of mitosis. In metaphase, chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

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25
Q

anaphase

A

Stage of mitosis in which chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles.

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26
Q

telophase

A

Stage of mitosis. In telophase, the chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane re-forms, and the chromosomes relax and lengthen.

27
Q

meiosis

A

Process in which chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell divide to give rise to haploid reproductive cells. Consists of two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.

28
Q

fertilization

A

Fusion of gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote.

29
Q

prophase 1

A

Stage of meiosis I. In prophase I, chromosomes condense and pair, crossing over takes place, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms.

30
Q

synapsis

A

Close pairing of homologous chromosomes.

31
Q

bivalent

A

Refers to a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes.

32
Q

tetrad

A

The four products of meiosis; all four chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes.

33
Q

crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous but nonsister chromatids.

34
Q

metaphase 1

A

Stage of meiosis I. In metaphase I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

35
Q

anaphase 1

A

Stage of meiosis I. In anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the spindle poles.

36
Q

telophase 1

A

Stage of meiosis I. In telophase I, chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles.

37
Q

interkinesis

A

Period between meiosis I and meiosis II.

38
Q

prophase 2

A

Stage of meiosis after interkinesis. In prophase II, chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms. Some cells skip this stage.

39
Q

metaphase 2

A

Stage of meiosis II. In metaphase II, individual chromosomes align on the metaphase plate.

40
Q

anaphase 2

A

Stage of meiosis II. In anaphase II, chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles.

41
Q

telophase 2

A

Stage of meiosis II. In telophase II, chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles.

42
Q

recombination

A

Process that produces new combinations of alleles.

43
Q

cohesin

A

Molecule that holds the two sister chromatids of a chromosome together. The breakdown of cohesin at the centromeres enables the chromatids to separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.

44
Q

spermatogenesis

A

Sperm production in animals.

45
Q

spermatogonium

A

Diploid cell in the testis; capable of undergoing meiosis to produce a sperm.

46
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

Spermatogonium that has entered prophase I.

47
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

Product of meiosis I in male animals.

48
Q

spermatid

A

Immediate product of meiosis II in spermatogenesis; matures to sperm.

49
Q

oogenesis

A

Egg production in animals.

50
Q

oogonium

A

Diploid cell in the ovary; capable of undergoing meiosis to produce an egg cell.

51
Q

primary oocyte

A

Oogonium that has entered prophase I.

52
Q

secondary oocyte

A

One of the products of meiosis I in female animals; receives most of the cytoplasm.

53
Q

first polar body

A

One of the products of meiosis I in oogenesis; contains half the chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm.

54
Q

ovum

A

Final product of oogenesis.

55
Q

second polar body

A

One of the products of meiosis II in oogenesis; contains a set of chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm.

56
Q

microsporocyte

A

Diploid reproductive cell in the stamen of a plant; undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.

57
Q

microspore

A

Haploid product of meiosis in plants.

58
Q

megasporocyte

A

In the ovary of a plant, a diploid reproductive cell that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid macrospores.

59
Q

megaspore

A

One of the four products of meiosis in plants.

60
Q

kinetochore

A

point of attachment for spindle microtubules

61
Q

what type of chromosome is this?

A

acrocentric

62
Q

what type of chromosome is this?

A

metacentric

63
Q

what type of chromosome is this?

A

submetacentric

64
Q

what type of chromosome is this?

A

telocentric

Genetics (21 decks)

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