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Genetics > Ch. 15 Translation > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Translation

A

RNA –> proteins

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2
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks for proteins

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3
Q

what are the components that every amino acid has in common?

A
  1. amino group
  2. carboxyl group
  3. hydrogen
  4. R group
  5. carbon (center)
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4
Q

what are the different types of R groups?

A
  1. nonpolar
  2. polar
  3. aromatic (ring structure)
  4. positively charged
  5. negatively charged
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5
Q

how many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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6
Q

what type of bonds join amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

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7
Q

define “polypeptide”

A

a string of amino acids (a protein)

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8
Q

will mutation be greater when swapping one type of R group for a DIFFERENT type of R group? or will it be greater when swapping same R group for same type of R group?

A

swapping different TYPES of R groups will cause greater mutations in secondary protein structure

  • swapping same TYPE of R group will not cause as great of a mutation
    (ex. swapping polar for non-polar)
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9
Q

where do peptide bonds form between amino acids?

A

dehydration reactions from N terminus –> C terminus

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10
Q

primary structure of amino acids

A

polypeptide chain

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11
Q

secondary structure of amino acids

A

areas of folding or coiling within a protein; examples include alpha helices and pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding

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12
Q

tertiary structure of amino acids

A

the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids.

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13
Q

quaternary structure of amino acids

A

several different polypeptide strands together, all folding together into complex structure, gain of function

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14
Q

genetic code consists of _____.

A

triplets of bases
(one triplet = one amino acid)
each triplet is a CODON

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15
Q

define “degeneracy” of amino acid codes

A

more than one triplet encodes for the same aa

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16
Q

synonymous codons

A

codons that specify for the same amino acid

17
Q

where are codons found?

A

mRNA

18
Q

where are anticodons found?

A

tRNA

  • complementary to codons
  • responsible for “reading” the mRNA
19
Q

what is the wobble position?

A

the third base pair of a triplet is usually not detrimental because it will still code for the same protein as long as the first 2 base pairs are the same
-allows for degeneration of the code

20
Q

the genetic code is ______.

A

non overlapping

each triplet of 3 is read separately

21
Q

for any stretch of DNA, there are ____ possible reading frames.

A

3

this depends on where you begin to read the DNA

22
Q

how do we know which reading frame to start reading on?

A

start codons!

23
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

24
Q

what are the stop codons? (or non-sense codons)

A

UAA
UAG
UGA
stop codons have NO AMINO ACIDS and no tRNAs associated with them

25
Q

what is an “open reading frame”? (ORF)

A

goes from the start codon to the stop codon

26
Q

which 3 types of RNA are involved with translation?

A

mRNA
tRNA
ribosomes (rRNA and proteins)

27
Q

what is the structure of tRNA?

A
  1. cloverleaf secondary structure
  2. presence of rare bases
  3. amino acid attachment site (CCA)
  4. anticodon arm (pairs with corresponding mRNA sequence, reads the mRNA by complementary base pairing)
28
Q

what is tRNA charging?

A

the process of attaching an amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

  • so that tRNA can “read” mRNA in a complementary and antiparallel fashion
  • requires ATP*
29
Q

what enzyme carries out tRNA charging?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

30
Q

mature ribosomes are made of many proteins associated with ____.

A

4 RNA subunits

31
Q

ribosomes are _______.

A

translators

32
Q

_____% of the total cellular RNA is ribosomes

A

80%

33
Q

ribosomes consist of a ___ subunit and a ____ subunit

A

small

large

34
Q

ribosomes have ___ distinct sites

A

3

35
Q

what are the 3 main sites on a ribosome?

A
  1. E exit site (tRNA dissociates)
  2. P peptidyl site (peptide bonds forms)
  3. A aminoacyl site (charged tRNA attaches)
36
Q

what is a release factor?

A

comes in to stop elongation once a stop codon is reached

separate strands

37
Q

multiple ribosomes translate the same mRNA in a structure called a ____.

A

polyribosome

38
Q

how can we tell that translation is occurring in a bacteria or an animal?

A

translation happens in cytoplasm in animals

transcription and translation happen together in bacteria (also no RNA processing)

Genetics (21 decks)

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