Chapter 2 Flashcards
the criterion by which the value of something is measured
touchstone
Origins of Western thought
Greece to middle eastern empires
Greek ideas were the first to focus on_________ +__________with______________
individual+mathematics
taoisim is derived from the wisdom of this mythical figure
Lao-tsu
aspects of taoism
- cyclical
- do by not doing
- focused on constant change
Zhuang Zhou (time)
Applied Tao Te Ching through a series of fables (370-280BC)
Confucious said people are defined by ________ that are _______ and fixed
relationships that are hierarchical
Conficious ( )
550-480BC
Confucious said social order is developed and maintained via
relationship and each person honouring their role or status i.e.: son and father, individual and state
tao te ching are…and part of …
- writings attributed to Lao-tsu
- taoism
taoists had a preoccupation with _________ and focused on the constant ________. (you cannot step into the same river twice)
nature, change
taosist views can be compared to _______ as they emphasize the pervasiveness of change
Heraclitus
main points of taoism
- opposites (as one thing arrives it opposite does “thieves have ethics”
- cyclical nature of man
- do by doing nothing
- go with the flow
first philosophical and political transcript out of eastern China that was not mythical. Written down by _____ and written down during a time of ______ ____
Tao Te Ching
- guards
- political peace
most well documented Taoist, and suggested thought is what we are
Zhuang Zhow (370-280BC)
______ focused on education and tradition and was active during a period of civil _____.
Confuscious…unrest
Confuscoius came to prominence during the _______ dynasty
ming
The Ming Dynasty liked his teachings about a set social hierarchy because they wanted to …….so they tossed aside other, more applicable ideas
preserve their inherited roles.
_____ &_____ order were also important to Conf. Etiquette or “LI” would help suppress natural urges
Social and moral order
Confuscious was the chosen school of thought from _____BC onward
1368
Yin and Yang were the values in a ____________system of the __ __________
binary, I Ching
I Ching
Made an early attempt at recording organizing, understanding, and predicting natural phenomenon (poor turtles)
Yin and Yang are both ______ valuable, however on eorthe other may predominate in some settings
equally
I Ching said world is under constant tension - that is the cycle of becoming _________ __________
continues, uninterupted
Aspects of lao Tsu are similar to _____ ____ and both happened during a time of_____
Archaic Greece, after colonization and conquest
Aspects of Zhuang Zhou are similar to ______ and both happened at time of ______ _____
Plato, peacful period
Plato time…
427-347BC
Archaic Greece
800-500BC
2 Core beliefs of Pythagorean cosmology
- there is a mathematical order to reality
- experiences can be understood in terms of interplay between contradictory forces
Pythagoras of Samos ( )
570-496 BC
Pyth- experiences may be varied but they are not chaotic- they are _______ by mathematics. The opposite of chaos is…
unified, unity
3 aspects of pythagorean opposites
-Similar to what modern concept?
- Universe differentiated into pairs of opposites
- Opposites unite to form life
- ontogeny/heredity where egg and sperm come together
the most important pairs of opposites according to pythagorean cosmology— crucial to the process of…
opposites arise out of…
- limited and unlimited.
- creation
- unity
A perfect union of opposites in the right proportion leads to…. The psych or soul seeks this as well.
harmony
What is responsible of uniting opposites that lead to harmony
numbers
Pythagorean cosmology was one of the first to attempt explaining
drive, motivation, purpose of behavior
closest solution to the problem of the irrational. once called the fundamental building block of________
the golden section
nature
An extension of Pythagorean doctrines
Platonic Thought
The Forms refers to
the way things appear and the way things are
Quest to solve the problem of the irrational was based on the beleif
that a prefect form existed beyond the appearance of this one
Plato references _______ in his dialogues
Socrates
Theme of the Meno- similar to questions of the definition of _____
- the question as to whether or not things are innate or learned
- intelligence
Plato introduced a process of awakening_______ in the meno. This demonstrated the ____ knowledge of good ______.
innate knowledge innate form (questioned a slave who gave the answer to pythagorean theorem)
similar to socrates, _________ theorists assert that everything wecneed to know is innate and needs to be teased out. Creator of famous altar window…
Wertheimer- Gestalt
Socrates said we cannot know what a part of something is if_______. Therefor, we have innate knowledge that the _____ knows. Thus problems arise from our inability to _________
- we do not know the whole
- soul
- tease out this information from our innate resource
Aristotle time
-most influential to western thought and psychology today
(384-323)
380-320
A rejected sperarion of ___ and ______ and said you had to have them together
form and matter
A saw that form had the ‘———-‘ to become many things which differed greatly from what it did become in ‘___________’
“potentiality’
‘actuality’
A: difference between alive and dead is :
ability to _______separate humans from________ & ___________
- soul
- reason, plants and animals
agreement to two premises are necessarily followed by a conclusion are called:
An example:
- syllogism
- I want to understand history of psych, to do this I need to study- so I study
Aspects of syllogism
- valid- conc follows 2 premises
- practical- conc leads to action
- logical on paper and in practice
A sees explanation for human behaviour as_____, and ________ (we act with certain____ in mind and those _____ may determine the ______)
-regulated by reason
-purposive
(we act with an end in mind and the end may determine our behaviour)
A saw the soul as_________. Example of this:
- indestructable
- awakenings of parkinsons patients with drug therapy demonstrates the brain can be revived with the right help
A developed the first ________ of_________ to describe the revival of _________. A saw memory an exercise linked to_______.
Laws of association to describe the revival of memory
-imagination
Laws of Association are
association by :
- similarity
- contrast
- contiguity (happened at same time as
Modern day application of aristotles laws of association and memory
imagination used to develop mnemonics and artificial memory using (loci) and images to recall vast quantities of information.
mentalism was a»_space;>
formulation of plato and Aristotle
Mentalism states human behaviour is governed by the _____. It is separate from the _________>
Psyche,
body
