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Geography GCSE Edexcel B > Chapter-2 4.3 > Flashcards

Chapter-2 4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Geography - Unit 2: UK Geographical issuses

A

Revision cards

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2
Q

How has human activitity influenced costal landscapes?

A

Example Swanage is located in The South Of England, U.K.
Located South-West of London, near Bournemouth.
Located near Corfe Castle In Southern England.

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3
Q

Does Hard engineering have negative effects on the coast line?

A

Yes hard engineering has negative effects such as the beach being eroded, high costs for building and maintaining and long shore drift being prevented.

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4
Q

Agriculture

A

Sea level rise and erosion reduces farmland, often farmland is not protected from this.

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5
Q

Selltlement- housing

A

Many people who work in London can no longer afford to live in London so some costal towns and cities offer good alternatives e.g. Bournemouth.

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6
Q

Settlements

A

The housing and livelihoods of 20 million people are at risk from erosion in U.K.
It is estimated that 29 villages have been lost in last 1000 years from erosion.

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7
Q

Industry

A

Barton in Norfolk is crucial to the U.K. economy as North Sea oil is piped onshore at the terminal. It’s an example of how essential devolopment brings conflicts with tourists. A holiday next to a gas terminal is not what tourists necessarily want. Thames Estuary, East of London - important to shipping and power stations to supply London.

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8
Q

Agriculture

A

Rommey Marsh is a wild place on the Kent coast. It consists of a shingle bank behind which is a habitat for birds. The marsh are also pastures in the Summer for Cattle. 2 points 1. Good farmland has risen sharply in the last 20 years. 2. Climate change has brought high tides.

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9
Q

Business

A

The high cost of London affects companies some of those e.g. J.P. Morgan have moved some of their offices in 2013 to Brighton and Bournemouth. These office developments are cheaper than Central London locations and are popular with younger populations as univerties and companies expand there.

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10
Q

Key words

A

Direct: occurring because of something being purposely
put in place to protect an area of the coastline.

Indirect: occurring because of something being purposely put in place to protect another area of the coastline

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11
Q

Abrasion, hydraulic action, soultion, attrition

A

Hydralic action - The process where the sheer force of water being forced into cracks causing the rock to increase and then the chips of rocks fall off.
Abrasion - When rocks are picked up by the wave and thrown or smash against the cliff causing a causing a sandpaper like effects, removing the rock gradually.
Attrition - When rocks held in the waves smash into each other gradually breaking up the rock until it is smaller and smoother.
Soloution - When the acidity in the sea dissolves softer rocks such as limestone or chalk.

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12
Q

Defintions of harder and softer rock

A

Softer rock: Softer is a rock type found in a lot of coasts and very easily eroded, and less resitant to weathering an example of this is clay
Harder rock: Harder rock is also found in a lot of coasts and is harder to erode and more reststante to weathering examples of this are granite and marble

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13
Q

Key words

A

Concordant: when rock (strata) are a paraellel to the coast. These have the same rock types.
Discordant: when rock rock (strata) are at right right angles to the coast. These have different rock types.
Joints: are small cracks found in rocks. They are usually vertical.
Faults: are larger cracks caused by past tectonic movement where rocks have moved.

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14
Q

How are waves created?

A

By wind blowing over the surface of the sea

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15
Q

What three things influence the size and energy of a wave?

A
  • How long the wind has been blowing
  • The strength of the wind
  • How far the wave has travelled (the fetch)
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16
Q

What is the fetch?

A

The distance the wind blows over the surface of the water

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17
Q

What are the two different types of waves?

A

Constructive and Destructive waves

18
Q

What is the swash?

A

When a wave breaks, and water is washed up the beach

19
Q

What is the backwash?

A

When water runs back down the beach

20
Q

With a constructive wave…

A

The swash is stronger than the backwash

21
Q

With a destructive wave…

A

The backwash is stronger than the swash

22
Q

Give an example of a Discordant coastline?

A

Banty Bay, Southwest of Ireland

23
Q

Give an example of a Uk concordant coastline?

A

Lulworth Coast, Dorest, England

24
Q

Freeze thraw weathering

A

Freeze thraw weathering: Is when water enter cracks in the rock in the day time, in the night the rock freezes because it has a 9% increase in volume it expands and pressure increases this msakes the crack increase. After many cycles of this the rock breaks off.

25
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Cheimcal weathering: Rainwater aborbs CO2 as a by-product of pollution and then the rain/surface water becomes a weak carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone/chalk, the rocks are dissolved.

26
Q

Biological weathering

A

Biological weathering: plant roots and burrowing into the role puts pressure on the rock. This starts to break down the structure of the after continous cycles larger cracks are formed.

27
Q 
Sub aerial (slope processes) - mass movement 
What is the correct order of the statements?
A
    1. Sand is permeable and allows water to pass through.
  2. Clay is impermeable and prevents water moving through it.
  3. Rain falls and it accumulates at the boundary between sand and clay which lubricates the boundary.
  4. The sand becomes saturated and will dramtically move.
  5. The movement is a rotational slump and leaves a ‘stepped landscape’.
  6. Erosion at the base, or weathering at the top of the cliff weakens the cliff.
  7. The cliff becomes unsupported and sometimes lubricated by rain.
  8. Joints or bedding planes are aligned diagonally to the sea.
  9. Due to gravity the rocks slide down the cliff face (usually staying in one piece).
  10. It moves in a straight, diagonal line.
28
Q

Annotate a diagram to explain how Long Shore Drift operates at the coastline?

A

This movement of material is called Long Shore Drift and occurs in a zigzag.

Continual swash and backwash transports material sideways along the coast.

29
Q

Examples of discordant and cordant landforms

A

Example of a coastline
Cordant: Lulworth Coast,Dorest
Discordant: Southwest of Ireland Bantry Bay and Dingle Bay
Landforms
Cordant: unusal, coves and can be featureless
Discordant: are more common, archstacks and stumps are found here and headlands and bays
Specific name of landform
Cordant: Lulworth Cove
Discordant: Beachy Head, Old Harry and Durdle Door

30
Q

What are the labels for the Headlands and bays diagram?

A

Bays: Permuable landform in bays (soft rock rock erosion easy to erode)

Headlands: Imperuable landform in headlands (hard rock hard to erode)

31
Q

Wave cut platforms

A
  1. Erosion through hydralic action occurs (power of water and air being forced into cracks) and abrasion (thrown and scraped against the cliff).
  2. The wave erodes a cliff as it projects to sea. The erosion occurs between low tide and high tide, this is inter tidal zone and creates a wave cut notch.
  3. The rock above is unsupported, the cliff collapes and retreats leaving a gently sloping rocky platform - this is the wave cut platform.
  4. The wave now erodes the new cliff line and a wave cut notch is formed. Again this collapses and the Wave Cut Plaform increases in width.
32
Q

What is coastal erosion

A

The wearing away and break up of rocks along our coastline

33
Q

What causes costal erosion?

A

Destructive waves cause costal erosion by hitting the land

34
Q

Give a few features for a distructive wave

A
  • Created in stormy conditions
  • Created from big strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time
  • Wave energy is high and wave has traveled over long fetch
  • Erode the coast
  • Short wave length high and steep
35
Q

Give a few features for a constructive wave

A
  • Created in calm weather
  • Less powerful then destructive waves
  • Break on the shore and deposit material forming beaches
  • Long wavelength low in height
36
Q

What is costal erosion?

A

Costal erosion is the breakdown and removal of sediment along the coastline caused by waves

37
Q

What is the dommiant wind direction in the U.K.?

A

South West of England mainly Cornwall

38
Q

What type of wave creates headlands and bays

A

Destructive waves create headlands and bays

39
Q

What is Long Shore Drift?

A
  1. Prevailing wind direction from the SW
  2. Waves approach beach at the same direction as prevailing wind
  3. Swash moves sediment up beach in the same direction as the wind
  4. The sediment moves along the coastline
  5. Backwash moves sediment down the beach at a right angle due to gravity
  6. The next waves picks up sediment
40
Q

What are spits and bars?

A

A spit forms when material from Long Shore Drift is deposited.
Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline. Over time if the spit grows and develops a hook if wind direction changes further out. Waves cannot get past a spit, which creates a sheltered area where silt is deposited and mud flats or salt marshes form.
A bar is formed as a spit grows across a bay joining up two headlamds.

Geography GCSE Edexcel B (9 decks)

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