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Sociology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

The ideas created by members of a society

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2
Q

Material culture

A

The physical things created by members of a society

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3
Q

Symbol

A

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

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4
Q

Language

A

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

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5
Q

Cultural transmission

A

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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6
Q

Values

A

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable good and beautiful and that serves as broad guidelines for social living

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7
Q

Beliefs

A

Specific ideas that people hold to be true

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8
Q

Norms

A

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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9
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are widely observed and have great morals significance

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10
Q

Folkways

A

Norms for routine or casual interaction

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11
Q

Social control

A

Attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior

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12
Q

Hunting and gathering

A

The use of simple tools to hunt animals and other vegetation for food

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13
Q

Horticulture

A

The use of hand tools to raise crops

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14
Q

Pastoralism

A

The domestication of animals

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15
Q

Agriculture

A

Large-scale cultivation using plows harness to animals or more powerful energy sources

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16
Q

Industry

A

The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

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17
Q

Post industrialism

A

Production of information using computer technology

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18
Q

High culture

A

Cultural patterns that distinguishes a societies elite

19
Q

Popular culture

A

Cultural patterns that are widespread among societies population

20
Q

Subculture

A

Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of the societies population

21
Q

Multiculturalism

A

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity in the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

22
Q

Eurocentrism

A

The dominance of European cultural patterns

23
Q

Afrocentrism

A

Emphasizing in promoting African cultural patterns

24
Q

Counterculture

A

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely excepted within a society

25
Q

ethnocentrism

A

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

26
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The practice of judging a culture by its own standards

27
Q

Cultural universals

A

Traits that are part of every known culture

28
Q

With regards to culture how are we different from other animals, is any particular where the life natural to humanity?

A

According to the textbook any particular way of life is not natural to humanity. Travelers often find themselves feeling uneasy as they enter an familiar culture

29
Q

What is the Latin meaning of Homo sapiens? According to scientists how long ago did Homo sapiens first appear on earth? What is the difference between culture nation and society? What does multicultural mean? Why is the US said to be multicultural?

A

Homo sapien means intelligent person; according to scientists Homo sapiens first appeared on the earth12 million years ago; The difference between culture nation and society is culture is (the ways of acting and the material objects that together form of peoples way of life) nation is (a form of political organization in which a group of people share the same history traditions or language) Society (people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture); Multicultural is a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all natural traditions; The US is said to be multicultural because of our society downplayed cultural diverse city and defined itself primarily in terms of well-off European and especially English immigrants

30
Q

What does the Sapir-Whorf thesis state?

A

Holds that people see and understand the world through cultural lens of language

31
Q

What does instant messaging as a new set of symbols show about whether cultures change?

A

Instant messaging has a new set of symbols shows about whether culture strange good for you and a person burns a US flag by doing a political demonstration

32
Q

What are the dominant values of US culture? What type of values to low-income nation stand to have? What type of values to high nations tend to have?

A 
The dominant values of the US culture are: 
Equal opportunity
Achievement and success
Material comfort
Activity and work
Practicality and Efficiency
Progress
Science
Democracy and free enterprise
Freedom
Racism and group superiority

Low income countries have very low values because the majority struggle to get by with poor housing unsafe water and to little food

High income countries have very high values because they were lucky enough to be born into a rich region of the world

33
Q

Sanctions

A

Is a reward or punishment that a norm associates with a behavior or appearance.

34
Q

Between Mores and Folkways which one distinguishes between “right and wrong” and which distinguishes between “right and rude”?

A

Folkways distinguish between right and rude.

Mores distinguish between right and wrong.

35
Q

According to Lenski, what does sociocultural evolution refers to?

A

Sociocultural evolution refers to theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have changed over time

36
Q

How did technology move through the stages of sociocultural evolution
hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, industry, and postindustrial information technology?

A

Hunting and Gathering: This technology only supports a few societies such as Indians of Northwestern Canada, or The Khoisan of southwestern Africa.
Horticulture: These tools 6,000 years ago were used from Western Europe to China; Many societies continue to hunt as they adopted new technology.

Pastoralism: Growing plants and raising animals allows societies to feed hundreds of members

Agriculture: Agarian technology first appeared in the Middle East, and gradually spread throughout the world, Invention of animal drawn plow, wheel..etc changed societies

Industry: Raises living standards and extends the human life span.

Postindustrial Information Technology: More economic production makes use of new information technology

37
Q

How did the social standing of men and women compare in hunting and gathering societies?

A

Women gather food while men do most of the hunting

38
Q

What type of society emerged in the 2nd half of the 1700s?

A

Industry

39
Q

What two reasons explain why sociologists disagree with judgements stating high culture is superior to popular culture?

A

Many cultural patterns are readily available to only some members of a society

40
Q

What are some examples of ethnocentric statements or beliefs?

A

People in Europe and North America referred to China as the “Far East” this is a ethnocentric expression for a region that is far to the east of us

41
Q

What is the structural functional theory of culture? What is the social-conflict theory of culture? What are the critiques of the social conflict theory? What is materialism and how is it related to the social conflict approach?

A

Structural Functional Theory of Culture: Explains culture as a complex strategy for meeting human needs.

Social Conflict Theory: which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources

The critique of the structural functional theory of culture it is downplays the importance of change.

Materialism: which holds that a society’s system of material production has a powerful effect on the rest of a culture. It is related to the social conflict approach it is rooted in the philosophical doctrine of the social conflict approach.

42
Q

How does culture act as a constraint? How is culture a source of freedom?

A

Culture acts a constraint because it gives advantages to some people but disadvantages to others

Culture is a source of freedom because its a part of a societies core values and beliefs

43
Q

Culture

A

The ways of thinking,the ways of acting ,and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life

Sociology (8 decks)

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