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Sociology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Global Perspective

A

The study of the larger world in our society’s place in it.

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2
Q

High-Income Countries

A

The nations with the highest overall standards of living

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3
Q

Middle income countries

A

Nations with a standard of living above average of the world as a whole

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4
Q

Low income countries

A

Nations with a low standard of living in which people are poor

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5
Q

Positivism

A

Scientific approach to knowledge based on positive facts as opposed to mere speculation

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6
Q

Theory

A

The statement of how and why specific facts are related

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7
Q

Theoretical approach

A

The basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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8
Q

Social structure

A

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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9
Q

Positivist sociology

A

The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior

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10
Q

Science

A

A logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation

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11
Q

Emperial evidence

A

Information we can verify with our senses

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12
Q

Concept

A

A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form

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13
Q

Variable

A

Concept whose value changes from case to case

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14
Q

Measurement

A

The procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case.

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15
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent in measurement

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16
Q

Validity

A

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

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17
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship in which two or more variables change together

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18
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that causes the change

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19
Q

dependent variable

A

The variable that changes

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20
Q

Spurious correlation

A

An apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variable

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21
Q

Gender

A

The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

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22
Q

Androcentricity

A

Approaching an issue from a male perspective

23
Q

Research method

A

The systematic plan for doing research

24
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables

25
Q

Sociology

A

The study of human society

26
Q

What is the sociological perspective and what does it mean to say “seeing the general in particular” Explain how the sociological perspective helps us to understand how society shapes our individual lives?

A

Sociology’s the special point of view that sees the general patterns of society in the lives of particular people; The sociological perspective helps us to see the opportunities and constraints in our lives empowers us to be active participants in society

27
Q

Who was the pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe? According to his findings, what was likely to influence whether someone took their life?

A

Durkheim; According to his findings, what was likely to influence whether the person took their life was social factors (such as men, wealthy individuals and unmarried adults were most likely to take their life

28
Q

What two situations help people have more sociological thinking?

A

Structural Functional Approach

Social- Conflict Approach

29
Q

What were the historical changes that stimulated the development of society as a discipline? In which country did sociology first appear? What century? Who was the person? What are the theological and scientific stages of history? What’s positivism based on? How is positivism based on? How is positivism related to sociology? When did sociology become an academic discipline in the U.S?

A

The spread of the Roman Catholic Church; Theological Stage, Metaphysical Stage, and Scientific Stage; Positivism is based on the assumption to observe social life and establish reliable valid knowledge about how it works; Positivism is related to sociology by the view of natural sciences; Sociology became established as a academic discipline in the U.S. in the 20th century

30
Q

How do sociologists evaluate a theory? What are the three major theoretical approaches in society? How does the structural functional approach view society? What are social functions, manifest functions, latent functions, and social dysfunctions?

A

Sociologists evaluate a theory by they research to test and refine their theories;
Structural Functional Approach
Social Conflict Approach
Symbolic Interaction Approach
The structural functional approach views society as the need to keep society unified when many traditions are breaking down.;
Social Functions: The consequences of a social pattern for operation of society as a whole
Manifest Functions: The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
Latent Functions: The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.
Social Dysfunction: Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

31
Q

How does the social-conflict approach view society? How would the social conflict approach analyze US schools? According to Karl Marx, what is the point of studying society? What is the gender conflict theory? What is the race conflict theory? Who is W.E.B Du Bios?-what did he study and what group was he part of?

A

The Social Conflict Approach views society highlights how factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and age are linked to inequality in terms of money,power, education and social prestige; The social conflict approach shows how schooling reproduces class inequality from one generation to the next; Karl Marx’s point of studying society was to reduce inequality; The gender conflict theory is the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women; it argues how our society places many positions over women in the home in the workplace and in the mass of the media; W.E.B Dubois Believe that scholarship not simply learn about societies problems but also try to solve them; he saw a sociology as a key to solving problems especially racial inequality; he studied the black communities around the United States and was a part of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; he received his doctorate at Harvard University it was important because he was a person of color

32
Q

Do social structures influence our life? In general can one individual change a social structure by themselves?

A

Social structure shape our lives and experience one individual can’t change a social structure by themselves

33
Q

What are the macro level orientation and microlevel orientation and which theoretical perspective’s fall under which orientation?

A

Macro-level orientation: abroad focus on social structures that shape society; structural functionalist perspective and social conflict perspective
Micro-level orientation: A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations; Symbolic Interactionist perspective

34
Q

What is the symbolic interaction approach? What does it say about meaning? What is a criticism of symbolic interaction approach?

A

Symbolic-Interaction Approach: framework for building theory that see society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals; it’s seeks to understand how humans make meaning in interactions and how behaviors influenced by those meanings; The criticism is society is nothing more than the reality that people can start for themselves as a interact with one another

35
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

Given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way

36
Q

What is the mean?

A

The average of the numbers

37
Q

What is the median?

A

The number that is halfway into the set

38
Q

What is the mode?

A

The value that occurs most often in a set of data

39
Q

Why is it difficult to establish all the cause-and-effect relationships and social situation?

A

It is difficult to establish all the cause effect relationships and the Social Security should because most patterns of behavior have a single cause

40
Q

What is the idea of objectivity

A

A researcher must not care personally but the topic being studied

41
Q

What is interpretive sociology

A

The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attached to the social world

42
Q

What is critical sociology

A

The study of society that focuses on the need for social change

43
Q

What is an experiment

A

A research method for investigating cause-and-effect under highly controlled conditions

44
Q

What was the Stanford county prison experiment

A

The researchers experimented because they were interested in testing this is they wanted to find out if the prison setting is the cause of prison violence

45
Q

What is a survey

A

A research method in which subjects responder a series of statements or questions on the questionnaire or in an interview

46
Q

What is the difference between a population and a sample

A

A population is a collection of items about what you want to make inferences
A sample is a subject of people items are from a larger population that you collect and analyze to make inferences

47
Q

What is participant observation

A

A research method in which an investigator systematically observe people are joining them in their routine activities

48
Q

How is the study of homeless in Jackson Mississippi an example of participant observation

A

Ewoodzie did not have a specific hypothesis to test nor did he know at the outset exactly what the questions or issues which are not to be

49
Q

How do sociologists at time make use of existing sources

A

Researchers must not avoid open-ended questions

50
Q

What is sociological imagination

A

The vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and wider society

51
Q

Who wrote about sociological imagination

A

C. Wright Mills

52
Q

What are personal problems and public issues

A

Personal troubles occur at the individual level

Public issues is a public matter when some value desired public is felt to be threatened

53
Q

How do social conflict theorists be a society and what do they emphasize

A

Sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources power and inequality

54
Q

According to H. Kay Trask what are the common images and ideas and beliefs about Hawaii and who benefits and who loses from them

A

The common ideas and believes about Hawaii is that Hawaii is theirs; The Hawaiians lose because daily life is neither soft nor kind… cultural reality for most Hawaiians is hard ugly and cruel; on the other hand the people who benefits are the tourists

Sociology (8 decks)

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