Chapter 2 Flashcards
The human movement system of kinetic chain consists of the
muscular, skeletal and nervous system
neurons are comprised of which three parts?
cell body, axon, dendrites
what structures are responsible for sensing distortions of body tissue brought about through stretch, compression, traction, or tension?
mechanoreceptors
which of the following sensory receptors will cause a muscle to relax when excited?
golgi tendon organs
which sensory receptor is most sensitive to change length of muscle and the rate of that change?
muscle spindles
Actin and myosin are the primary components of myofilaments that make what?
myofibril
The central nervous system is composed of what?
brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consists of what?
nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
Sensory function of the nervous system
the ability of the nervous system to sense change in either the internal or external environment
integrative function of the nervous system
the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making which produces an appropriate response
Motor Function
the neuromuscular response to the sensory information
Proprioception
the body ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body
Neuron
the functional unit of the nervous system, that processes and transmits information through both electrical and chemical signals
Sensory (afferent) neurons
transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as muscles and organs to the brain and spinal cord
Interneurons
transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
Somatic nervous system
nerves that serve the outer parts of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for voluntary movement
Autonomic system
supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body
Sympathetic
increase levels of activation in preparation for activity
Parasympathetic
decrease levels of activation during rest and recovery
What do the 4 sensory receptors do? mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors?
- Mechanoreceptors: mechanical forces (touch and pressure)
- nociceptors: respond to pain (pain receptors)
- chemoreceptors: chemical interactions (smell and taste)
- photoreceptors: respond to light
Mechanoreceptors
specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
Muscle spindles
sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in length and rate of length change
Golgi Tendon Organs
receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and rate of that change
Joint receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Skeletal system
The bodys framework composed of bones and joints
Bones
provide a resting ground for muscles and protection for vital organs
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation
Axial skeleton
Made up of the skull, rib cage, and the vertebral column. Approx. 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
made up of the upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles. 126 bones
Main functions of bones?
- leverage
2. provide support
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (clean)
Osteoblasts
A type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation (build)
Types of bones and example of each
- long; humorous, femur
- short: carpals of hand, tarsals of feet
- flat: scapulae, patella
- irregular: vertbrae
- sesamoid: patella
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and houses much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production
Diaphysis
the shaft part of the bone, predominantly compact bone
Epiphyseal plate
AKA growth plate, region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis
Periosteum
dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane
Medullar cavity
the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored, predominantly composed of adipose tissue and serves as a useful energy reserve
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the ends of articulating bones
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bones, which can be muscle attachment sites
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Verterbral column
series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
what are the 3 major joint motions?
roll, slide, spin
Synovial joint
joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are associated with movement in the body
-comprise 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for movement
