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Oral Radiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two opposing forces that maintain electrons in orbits around the nucleus?

A

electrostatic force and centrifugal force

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2
Q

Electrostatic force is the ___ between the negative electrons and positive protons.

A

attraction

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3
Q

Centrifugal force pulls the ___ away in order to keep the electrons from dropping into the nucleus.

A

electrons

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4
Q

What keeps the electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

A

the balance between electrostatic and centrifugal forces

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5
Q

T/F. Electrons close to the nucleus have a STRONG binding energy. Electrons far from the nucleus have a WEAK binding energy.

A

True.

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6
Q

T/F. The energy need to remove an electron from its orbit must not exceed the binding energy of the electron in the shell.

A

The energy need to remove an electron from its orbit must EXCEED the binding energy of the electron in the shell.

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7
Q

The emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles.

A

radiation

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8
Q

The process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state.

A

Radioactivity

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9
Q

The ___ shell is closest to the nucleus and has the ___ energy level.

A

K; highest

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10
Q

How is binding energy measured?

A

in kilo electron volts (keV)

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11
Q

In a tungsten atom, it takes ___ keV to remove a K-shell electron and ___ keV to remove a M-shell electron.

A

70; 3

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12
Q

An ___ is an electrically unbalanced atom. The production of ions is known as ___. An ion pair results when an electron is ___ from an atom.

A

ion; ionization; removed

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13
Q

T/F. Radiation is the same as radioactivity.

A

False, radiation is NOT the same as radioactivity

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14
Q

T/F. In dentistry, radioactivity is used not radiation.

A

False, radiation is used not radioactivity.

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15
Q

Tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds. Includes alpha particles, electrons, protons and neutrons.

A

particulate radiation

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16
Q

___ radiation is defined as the propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space or matter.

A

Electromagnetic

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17
Q

Electromagnetic radiations travel at what speed? And, in what form?

A

the speed of light

wave form

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18
Q

the distance from crest to crest

A

wavelength

19
Q

the speed of wave

A

velocity

20
Q

how many times a wavelength passes a given point.

A

frequency

21
Q

A long wavelength has a ___ frequency. And a short wavelength has a ___ frequency.

A

low; high

22
Q

Which has the shortest wavelength, radio or cosmic? Which has the lowest frequency?

A

shortest, highest - cosmic

longest, lowest - radio

23
Q

T/F. X-rays are visible.

A

False

24
Q

X-rays have no ___ or weight and have no charge. They travel at the speed of ___ and in ___ form. They travel in ___ lines that can be deflected or scattered.

A

mass; light; wave; straight

25
Q

T/F. X-rays can be focused to a point.

A

False, they cannot. They always diverge from a point

26
Q

X-rays can ___ liquids, solids and gases and are ___ by matter. They interact with materials and cause ____. They cause certain substances to ___ and can produce an ___ on photographic film. They cause ____ changes to living cells.

A

penetrate; absorbed; ionization; fluoresce; image; biological

27
Q

What vacuum tube is the heart of the x-ray generating system that is several inches long and include a leaded-glass housing, negative cathode and positive anode?

A

x-ray tube

28
Q

What part of the x-ray tube has a tungsten filament with a molybdenum cup?

A

cathode

29
Q

What part of the x-ray tube has a tungsten target and a copper stem?

A

anode

30
Q

What helps to cool the anode and filter the x-ray beam?

A

insulating oil

31
Q

What prevents the oil from leaking out of the tubehead but still allows x-rays to pass through?

A

barrier material

32
Q

the release of electrons from tungsten filament when electrical current passes through and heats filament

A

thermionic emission

33
Q

T/F. The out shell electrons of tungsten atom acquire enough energy to move away from the filament and an ___ ___ forms around the filament. Electrons stay here until high voltage circuit is activated by pressing the ___ button.

A

electron cloud; exposure

34
Q

When an electron that passes close to the nucleus of a tungsten atom is slowed down, an x-ray photon of lower energy known as ___ or ___ radiation results.

A

general; braking

35
Q

General radiation accounts for ___% of x-ray energy.

A

70

36
Q

An electron that dislodges an inner-shell electron from the tungsten atom results in the rearrangement of the remaining orbiting electrons and the production of an e-ray photon is known as ____ radiation.

A

characteristic - very small amount of x-rays produced

37
Q

Penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and that exits the tubehead.

A 
primary radiation (primary beam or useful beam)
most penetrating
38
Q

x-radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter (such as soft tissues of the head, the bones of the skull, and the teeth).

A

secondary radiation

less penetrating

39
Q

a form of secondary radiation and is the result of x-ray that as been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter.

A

scatter radiation

detrimental to both the patient and radiographer

40
Q

Is it possible for an x-ray photon to pass through matter or the tissues of a patient without any interaction?

A

yes, this is called no interaction

41
Q

The total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray beam passes.

A

absorption

42
Q

When an x-ray photon collides with a loosely bound, outer shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit. Ionization takes place

A

compton scatter

43
Q

low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell electron. No change in the atom occurs.

A

coherent scatter

Oral Radiology (4 decks)

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