Chapter 2 Flashcards
Which of the following individuals observed that noise, food, rest, light, fresh air, and cleanliness were instrumental in health and illness patterns?
a. W. Edwards Deming c. Isabel Hampton Robb
b. Florence Nightingale d. Dorothea Dix
B: Florence Nightingale was the first to observe that noise, food, rest, light, fresh air, and cleanliness were instrumental in health and illness patterns. W. Edwards Deming is known for his contribution to continuous performance improvement, and Isabel Hampton Robb was the first president of the ANA and a pioneer in nursing education. Dorothea Dix is best known for her patient advocacy, particularly in the areas of improved conditions for jails and mental asylums. HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
A nursing instructor asks a student what discoveries are attributable to Florence Nightingale. The instructor determines that further teaching is needed if the student responds:
a. the need to monitor health care practitioners.
b. the importance of structuring hospitals around care.
c. the importance of collecting and using data for quality assessment.
d. the importance of being informed regarding the activities of government policymakers.
B: Nightingale is credited with a variety of discoveries related to health care such as the importance of structuring hospitals around nursing care (not merely care), the need to monitor/be informed regarding health care practitioners and government policymakers, and the importance of collecting and using data for quality assessment. STRUCTURING HOSPITALS AROUND NURSING CARE
A new graduate wants to explore the three components of each heath care system before applying for a position. The graduate would plan to explore which of the following?
a. Strategy, outcome, and performance c. Structure, process, and outcome
b. Process, strategy, and opportunity d. Outcome, procedure, and structure
C: The three simple elements of health care systems are structure (resources or “structures” required to deliver health care), process (quality activities, procedures, and tasks performed to deliver quality health care), and outcome (the results of good health care delivery). ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE
Which of the following organizations has set forth three primary goals for good health care?
a. The Institute of Medicine
b. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
c. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
d. The World Health Organization
D: The World Health Organization (WHO) has been a leading advocate of quality health care delivery, as evidenced by its three primary goals for what good health care should do. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is best known for its quality data reports such as To Err Is Human (IOM, 1999), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a leading infection and disease agency in the United States. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is another quality-based organization and produces reports such as the National Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR). ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE
A nurse working on the unit budget would recognize that the resources needed to deliver quality health care such as nurses, practitioners, medical records, buildings, and pharmaceuticals are considered which aspects of health care?
a. Process c. Organization
b. Structure d. Practice
B: The health care structure is comprised of the resources or structures needed to produce quality health care. Some of these structures or resources are human (staff and personnel) or physical (buildings or facilities). ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE
The human resource manager understands that an example of a quality performance outcome measure involves which of the following?
a. Patient satisfaction c. Staff satisfaction
b. Return on assets (ROI) d. Organizational climate
C: An outcome for a quality performance measure related to human resources is staff satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is a clinical care outcome, and return on assets (ROI) is a financial management outcome. The organizational climate is a human resource process, as opposed to the outcome. TABLE 2-1 EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES BY CATEGORY
A nurse is on vacation visiting a number of countries. If the nurse becomes ill, in which country will the nurse most likely be hospitalized in a government hospital, with the government paying the bills.
a. Canada c. Taiwan
b. New Zealand d. Germany
B: If the nurse became ill in New Zealand health care would be provided in a government hospital with the government paying the bills. Canada and Taiwan rely on private-sector providers, paid for by government-run insurance. Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, and Switzerland provide universal coverage using private doctors, private hospitals, and private insurance plans. HEALTH CARE PAYMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES
An instructor wants to determine if a group of nursing students know the important features related to the benefits of primary care. Which of the following responses by the students would indicate that further teaching is necessary?
a. Care that is continuous
b. Care that began at first contact with the patient
c. Care that is integral
d. Care that is community orientated
C: The seven important features of primary care are care that is continuous, community oriented, comprehensive (not integral), coordinated, family centered, culturally competent, and begun at the first contact with the patient. NEED FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
A group of nursing students are given a test on Starfield’s (1998) foundations of primary care. Which of the following responses by the students describing the foundations of primary care would indicate that further teaching is necessary?
a. Comprehensiveness c. First contact
b. Organization d. Coordination
B: According to Starfield (1998), both clinicians and patients need to work together to appropriately utilize services based upon these four foundations of primary care: first contact (conduct the initial evaluation and the plan for the dysfunction, treatment options, and health goals), longitudinality (maintaining the clinician-patient relationship continuously over time), comprehensiveness (managing the wide range of needs for each patient), and coordination (care is organized and integrated, thus eliminating duplication of services). NEED FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Which agency/division is not a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?
a. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
b. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
c. Institute of Medicine (IOM)
d. Indian Health Service (HIS)
C: Some of the major divisions and agencies that comprise the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services are Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Indian Health Service (HIS), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is not under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Which of the following was not identified as an area of health care disparities according to the 2008 National Healthcare Disparities Report?
a. Age groups c. Geographic areas
b. Socioeconomic groups d. Racial and ethnic populations
A: The 2008 National Healthcare Disparities Report found that health care disparities often persist across socioeconomic groups, racial and ethnic populations, and geographic areas. The report also noted that across the process of care measures tracked, patients received the recommended care less than sixty percent of the time. HEALTH CARE DISPARITIES
Which of the following is not one of the three key pieces of legislation that established national standards that states use to regulate health insurance?
a. ELISA c. HIPAA
b. COBRA d. ERISA
A: Three integral pieces of federal legislation that states use to regulate health insurance through the development of national standards are COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act), HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act), and ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act). ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) is a biochemical test used to determine certain serum antibody concentrations such as HIV. STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH INSURANCE
Thorpe, Woodruff, and Ginsburg (2005) have noted a variety of key elements that have contributed to the rising costs of health care. Which of these elements does not belong?
a. Aging of the population c. Practitioner behavior
b. Increased use of new technologies d. Nursing shortage
D: Thorpe, Woodruff, and Ginsburg’s (2005) key factors that contribute to the rising costs of health care are an aging population with the resultant growth in the demand for health care, increased use of expensive new technologies, pharmaceuticals, practitioner behavior, rising hospital care costs, cost shifting, and administrative costs. The nursing shortage is not a key factor contributing to rising costs of health care. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RISING HEALTH CARE COST
A staff nurse has volunteered to work on the hospital’s Quality Insurance Committee. As part of the training, the nurse would be taught that tracking the rate of medication errors is a clinical:
a. outcome. c. structure.
b. practice. d. process.
D: Tracking the rate of medication errors as a performance measure is considered a clinical process. An example of a clinical structure is the percentage of nurses and pharmacists who are certified or licensed, and an example of a clinical outcome is the number of deaths from medical errors. TABLE 2-1 EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE MEASURE BY CATEGORY
The hospital pharmacist explains to a group of nursing students that the use of generic drugs and drug formulary are which type of performance measures?
a. Clinical care measure c. Financial management process
b. Financial management structure d. Clinical care structure
C: Using generic drugs and drug formulary as a quality performance measure is an example of a financial management process. An example of a financial management structure is the use of preadmission criteria, and a clinical care structure for performance measurement is the presence of magnet recognition. EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES BY CATEGORY
