Chapter 2⃣ Flashcards by gelica henson

Epithelium of the oral mucosa originates partly from the..

Ectoderm

Endoderm

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Lined with an UNINTERRUPTED MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Oral cavity

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Divided by the alveolar processes and the dental arches of the maxilla and mandible

Oral cavity

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2 spaces in the oral cavity

Vestibule

Oral cavity proper

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Boundaries of vestibule: LABIALLY

Mucosa of lips

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Boundaries of vestibule: BUCALLY

Mucosa of cheeks

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Boundaries of vestibule: ORALLY

Alveolar mucosa
Gingiva
Facial surfaces of teeth

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Boundaries of oral cavity proper: ANT & LAT

Oral surfaces of teeth

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Boundaries of oral cavity proper: CRANIALLY

Mucosa of hard and soft palate

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Boundaries of oral cavity proper: INFERIORLY/CAUDALLY

Mucosa of tongue

Floor of mouth

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Boundaries of oral cavity proper: POSTERIOLATERALLY

Ant pillar of the fauces

Tonsils

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8 paraoral tissues

Lips
Cheeks
Tongue
Teeth
Tonsils
Salivary glands
Hard and soft palate
Floor of the mouth

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3 regions of the tongue

Tip
Body
Base

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Anterior 2/3 of tongue

Tip and body

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Posterior 1/3

Base

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Body and base

Terminal sulcus

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Apex of terminal sulcus

Marks the FORAMEN ORIFICE of the thyroglossal duct

Foramen cecum

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Divides the long axis of the dorsal mucosa of the tip and body of the tongue into equal sized halves

Median sulcus

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Structures in the hard and soft palate

Incisive papilla
Median palatine raphe
Palatine rugae
Fovea palatinae
Uvula

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Ant pillar of fauces

Palatoglossal arch

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Post pillar of fauces

Palatopharyngeal

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Between ant and post pillar of fauces

Palatine tonsils

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Found at the sides of the tongue or in the pharyngeal folds

Palatine or FAUCIAL tonsils

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It is referred to as SPECIALIZED MUCOSA

Mediates sensations of touch temp and taste

Mucosa of the dorsum of the tongue

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External muscles extending into the tongue

Genioglosssus Hyoglossus Palatoglossus Styloglossus

Consists of 4 types of papillae

Dorsum of the tongue

Slender, threadlike keratinized extensions that covers ant part and gives VELVETY appearance

Filiform

Provides tactile sensation

Filiform

Ability to know that there is something on the tongue (filiform)

Tactile sensation

They have remarkable capability for SPATIAL PERCEPTION like transmitting pressure and tensions

Filiform

Most numerous papillae | Fingerlike appearance

Filiform

3 types of nerve endings

Free nerve endings Complex end organs Epithelial nerve endings

Most common type of nerve endings

Complex end organs

No taste function

Filiform

Filiform: grows very long..

Hairy tongue

Filiform: are lost

Glossitis

FILIFORM

Ant 2/3 Thin conical NON

Smooth round or mushroom structure that are less numerous than the filiform

Fungiform

FUNGIFORM

Ant 2/3 Mushroom Tip- sweet Lateral- salty

They are 8-15 BILATERAL RIDGES OF MUCOSA located at POSTERIOR edge of the body of the tongue

Foliate

They lie PARALLEL to each other and are separated by deep folds

Foliate

Few taste buds @ birth

Foliate

FOLIATE

Posterior Leaf like Sour

Largest papillae | Least in number

Circumvallate

8-10 papillae at the ant edge of terminal sulcus

Circumvallate

This row divides the ant 2/3 of the tongue from post 1/3

Circumvallate

The outer surface and folds of these papillae are covered by ORTHOKERATINIZEd epi

Circumvallate

Ducts of wc opens at the bottom of epithelial folds in the depths of lamina propria

Ebners glands

A special type of receptor whose function is to detect the TASTE OF WATER

Circumvallate

CIRCUMVALLATE

Ant to terminal sulcus Mushroom Bitter

Barrel shaped or hazel nuts shaped structures with ovoid epithelial cells

Taste buds

It is a barrel shaped structure composed of 30 to 100 spindle shaped cells at their bases

Taste buds

A taste pit that communicates with the surface through a small opening

Taste pore

Usually 10-14 in each taste bud

Type 1

4 cell populations: Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

1. taste cells or dark cells 2. Light cells/ supporting / sustentacular 3. Intermediate cells 4. Basal cells / reserve cells

Have a cytoplasmic process that extends far into the taste pore and ends in numerous long, fingerlike microvilli

Type 1 | Taste cells or dark cells

Rich in heterochromatin

Type 1

Function of type1 cells

Synthesis and secretion of pore substance

Are much less numerous but more VOLUMINOUS than dark cells

Type 2

Low in heterochromatin

Type 2 | Light cells

Function unknown Support the other cells

Type 2 Supporting cells Sustentacular cells Light cells

The least numerous cell population of taste buds

Type 3

Surrounded by taste cells or type 1 cells

Type 3

Nuclei are also rich in heterochromatin like type 1 cells

Type 3

ACTUAL RECEPTOR cells of the taste buds

Type 3

Are perpendicular to the basal lamina Stem cell for other types of cells

Type 4 | Basal cells

Enables taste buds to identify specific substances even when mixed

Type 4 | Basal cells

Are masses of lymphoid tissue with the primary function of producing lymphocytes For immunization

Tonsils

Tonsils are four in number and forms a protective

Ring of waldeyer

Ovoid bilateral structures situated in the pharyngeal folds

2 palatine or FAUCIAL tonsils

Found at the base of the tongue | Posterior to the circumvallate

Lingual tonsils

Located on the median surface of the dorsal wall of the nasopharynx

Pharyngeal tonsils

Faucial tonsils

Palatine tonsils

Adenoids

Pharyngeal tonsils

Extrinsic glands

Major salivary glands

Intrinsic glands

Minor salivary glands

Gland which has INTERMITTENT SECRETIONS

Major salivary glands

3 Major salivary glands

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

Biggest among the MAJOR | Found in cheek

Parotid

Posterior part Bigger than sublingual and lower Aka submandibular caruncle

Submandibular gland

MAJOR: Anterior part Located at the base of the tongue

Sublingual

Opening of: Parotid: Submandibular: Sublingual:

Stensens duct Whartons duct Bartholins duct

Glands which discharge their secretions continuously

Minor salivary gland

Minor salivary glands | [LPS AVG]

``` Labial gland Small buccal gland Palatine gland Ant and post lingual gland Von ebners gland Glossopalatine gland ```

General functions of teeth

``` Mastication Shaping of face Speech Protective Prehensile ```

Reduction of food material by cutting, tearing, crushing, and grinding foods

Mastication

Shaping of face for..

Aesthetics Stability of dental arches or TMJ Maintains vertical relationship of mandible and maxilla

Teeth aids in proper production of sound

Speech

Teeth are used for self defense

Protective

Teeth are used for grasping or seizing foods

Prehensile

One set of teeth

Monophyodont

Two sets of dentition

Diphyodont

Several sets of dentition

Polyphyodont

Consists of 20 teeth Last for a limited time Possess weaker investing tissues

Temporary or PRIMARY

Composed of 32 teeth

Permanent dentition

Human teeth are grouped accdg to size shape form and function

Heterodont dentition

Human dentition.

Diphyodont | Heterodont dentition

Heterodont dentition

Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

Incise or cut foods

Incisors

Tearing | Bec of pointed cusp

Canines

Possess rough and wide occlusal surfaces

Premolars and molars

Hard tissue that lines the root

Cementum

Sensory | Center of the tooth

Pulp

Hard tissue that lines the pulp

Dentin

Hardest dental tissue

Enamel

Shock absorber

PDL

Hard tissue that covers the root

Gingiva

Teeth is divided into

Crown and root

Between crown and root

Neck or cervix

Part of tooth covered with enamel CERVIX

Anatomical Crown

Part if tooth exposed to oral fluids

Clinical or functional crown

Part of tooth covered with CEMENTUM Cervix

Anatomical root

Part of root implanted and surrounded by periodontium

Clinical root

Clinical crown < Anatomical crown

Young adults

Clinical > Anatomical

In adults

Dental tissues consists of:

Tooth tissue proper | Supporting and investing tissue / Periodontium

Hard tissues

Enamel Dentin Cementum

Soft tissue in tooth tissue proper

Pulp

Periodontium

Gingiva Pdl Alveolar process Cementum

Hardest calcified tissue covering anatomical crowns

Enamel

Inorganic composition of enamel

96%-98%

Main bulk of the tooth underneath enamel and cementum

Dentin

Inorg composition of Dentin

65%-70%

Calcified tissue that covers the anatomical root | 45%-50%

Cementum

Soft connective tissue found at the center of the tooth

Pulp

Part of maxilla and mandible that forms the alveolar socket where roots of teeth are embedded

Alveolar bone

Firm oral mucosa around neck of teeth

Gingiva

Fibrous connective tissue found in between the roots of the teeth and alveolar bone

Pdl

Functions of paraoral tissues | IMDT DSRP

Ingestion Mastication Deglutition Taste Digestion Speech Respiration Protection

Is the engulfing or taking of foods with the help of the lips and teeth in particular

Ingestion

Process of biting cutting grinding of foods by the teeth with the aid of LIPS CHEEKS TONGUE PALATE

Mastication

Paraoral tissues involved in Ingestion

Lips | Teeth

Paraoral tissues involved in mastication

``` Teeth Lips Cheeks Tongue Palate ```

Is the act of swallowing foods that has been processed in the oral cavity

Deglutition

Dorsum of tongue possess lingual papillae

Taste

digestion of food that involves MASTICATION and LUBRICATION

Physical digestion

Involves in preliminary digestion of cho thru action of PTYALIN or SALIVARY AMYLASE

chemical digestion

Paraoral tissues involved in DIGESTION

Cheeks Tongue Palate Salivary glands

Paraoral tissues involved in SPEECH

Lips Cheeks Tongue Hard and soft palate

2 grps involved in forming consonants

Static | Dynamic

Immovable

Static

Movable

Dynamic

Static:

Teeth | Hard palate

Dynamic:

Lips Cheeks Tongue Soft palate

Consonants are divided into 4 types

Labial Dental Palatal Guttural

Involves the lips

Labial consonants

Teeth and tip of the tongue are involved

Dental consonants

Apex and dorsum of the tongue touches the palate

Palatal consonants

The base of the tongue elevates touching the soft palate

Guttural consonants

The oral cavity is a necessary adjunct to the respiratory system In cases of nasal congestion, air could be inhaled by mouth

Respiration

Performed by tonsillar ring of waldeyer | Includes phagocytoc activity of macrophages

Protection

Types of labial consonants

Bilabial Labio dental Labio guttural

Bilabial consonants

B M P

Labio dental

F | V

Labio guttural

Dental consonants

``` Th D T S Z Sh ```

Palatal consonants

R Y L

Guttural consonants