Chapter 2-3 vocabularies Flashcards
Demography
Scientific study of population characteristics
ex: demographers look statistically how people are distributed equally
ecumene
the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
ex. Ecumene expanded from the Middle east and East Asia to encompass most of the world’s land area
Arithmetic Density
Total number of people divided by total land area
ex: To compute the arithmetic density for US, we can divide the population by the land area
Physiological density
The # of people per unit of area of arable land
ex: The US’ physiological density is 175 persons per sq km of arable land
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable of agriculture
Ex: The US has an extremely low agricultural density because of tech. and finance which allows few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many
Doubling Time
The # of yrs to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase
ex: At the early twenty first century of 1.2 % per yr, world population would double in about 54 yrs
Total fertility Rate
The average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years
ex: th TFR for the world as a whole is 2.6, TFR exceeds 6.0 in SubSaharan Africa
Infant Mortality Rate
The annual number of deaths or infants under the age of 1 compared to with total live births
ex: The IMR approaches 100 in Sub Saharan Africa, meaning that nearly 10% of all babies in the region die before their first b-day
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
ex: babies born today can expect to live to around 80 in W. Europe but only to 50 in Sub Saharan Africa
Demographic transition
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth rates and death rates and low rates of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population
Agricultural Revolution
The time when humans first domesticated plants + animals and no longer relied completely on hunting and gathering
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial tech. that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Medical Revolution
medical tech. invented in Europe and North America that diffuses to the poorer countries of latin America, Asia, Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
zero Population Growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
ex: A TFR of 2.1 produces ZPG although a country that receives many immigrants may need to lower TFR to achieve ZPG
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of pop. by age and sex
ex: A country in stg 2 of the DTM, with high CMR ,has a large number of young children causing the vase of the pyramid to be larger
