Chapter 2 & 3 Flashcards
resonation
The process by which the voiced breath stream is modified to enhance and dampen certain frequency components.
pharyngeal cavity (throat)
space modified by vertical position of larynx (high or low) and the position of the tongue in the mouth (forward or back).
nasal cavity
space modified by opening and closing off of nasal cavity using the soft palate/velum. Can you name the 3 sounds in English in which the oral and nasal cavities are coupled creating nasal consonants.
oral cavity
resonating structure for all sounds except nasals. Space modified through movements and positioning of the mandible, tongue, hard palate, teeth, cheekbones & velum.
articulation
Molding of the airstream into recognizable speech sounds by several structures in the mouth
moveable articulators
tongue, lips, mandible, velum
immoveable articulators
hard palate, teeth
auditory mechanism
Children learn speech production through hearing what is spoken to them and around them
3 parts of the ear
inner, middle and outer
outer ear contains
pinna, external auditory meautus
middle ear contains
air filled and ossicular chain
ossicular chain
malleus, incus, stapes
inner ear contains
oval window which lead to the semicircular canal and cochlea
4 basic systems of speech
resonation, respiration, phonation and articulation
inhalation and exhalation must be
Rhythmic and cyclical, Powerful enough to set the vocal cords into vibration
Varied for quiet breathing, speech, shouting, etc.
Modified for specific speech sound production
hyoid bone
provides the bony frame from which the larynx is suspended
thyroid cartilage
large butterfly shaped cartilage forms side walls of larynx. Back portion is open. Front portion fuses to make the thyroid prominence (Adam’s Apple). V-shaped notch above the prominence marks the spot where vocal folds attach anteriorly inside
cricoid cartilage
ring shaped cartilage, thick in back-narrower in front. Sits between thyroid and trachea. Facets where thyroid attaches allows pivoting which lengthens and shortens the vocal folds for pitch variation
extrinsic muscles
have one attachment inside the larynx and one outside. Provide supportive framework and can raise or lower the larynx
intrinsic muscles
have both attachments confined inside the larynx and are responsible for sound production
adduction
to bring together
abduction
to separate
arytenoid cartilage
attach to the top posterior (larger) side of the cricoid cartilage. Pyramid shaped!!
lateral process
attach to several muscles which help open and close the vocal folds
thyroarytenoid muscle
White vibrating portion of the vocalis muscle
vocal folds attach
anteriorly at the inside angle of thyroid notch, posteriorly at the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages
Bernoulli Effect
built-up air pressure below the vocal folds blows the folds open, however, the Bernoulli Effect causes the closing of the folds after they have abducted. Lowered air pressure after the air molecules have rushed through the glottis causes the folds to adduct.
traditional approach to speech sounds classification
MPV and CV
distinctive features to speech sound classification
according to the presence or absence of a phoneme; + or - coined by Chomsky and Halle
3 categories of phonological processes
syllable structure processes, substitution process and assimilation processes
Articulation disorders are determined by
Sound production errors resulting in nonstandard speech sounds-do not affect the meaning of words or neutralize phonemic contrast
phonological disorders are determined by
Sound production errors that result in the collapse of phonemic contrasts and affect meaning.
