Chapter 2 & 3

Question 1

resonation

Answer 1

The process by which the voiced breath stream is modified to enhance and dampen certain frequency components.

Question 2

pharyngeal cavity (throat)

Answer 2

space modified by vertical position of larynx (high or low) and the position of the tongue in the mouth (forward or back).

Question 3

nasal cavity

Answer 3

space modified by opening and closing off of nasal cavity using the soft palate/velum. Can you name the 3 sounds in English in which the oral and nasal cavities are coupled creating nasal consonants.

Question 4

oral cavity

Answer 4

resonating structure for all sounds except nasals. Space modified through movements and positioning of the mandible, tongue, hard palate, teeth, cheekbones & velum.

Question 5

articulation

Answer 5

Molding of the airstream into recognizable speech sounds by several structures in the mouth

Question 6

moveable articulators

Answer 6

tongue, lips, mandible, velum

Question 7

immoveable articulators

Answer 7

hard palate, teeth

Question 8

auditory mechanism

Answer 8

Children learn speech production through hearing what is spoken to them and around them

Question 9

3 parts of the ear

Answer 9

inner, middle and outer

Question 10

outer ear contains

Answer 10

pinna, external auditory meautus

Question 11

middle ear contains

Answer 11

air filled and ossicular chain

Question 12

ossicular chain

Answer 12

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 13

inner ear contains

Answer 13

oval window which lead to the semicircular canal and cochlea

Question 14

4 basic systems of speech

Answer 14

resonation, respiration, phonation and articulation

Question 15

inhalation and exhalation must be

Answer 15

Rhythmic and cyclical, Powerful enough to set the vocal cords into vibration
Varied for quiet breathing, speech, shouting, etc.
Modified for specific speech sound production

Question 16

hyoid bone

Answer 16

provides the bony frame from which the larynx is suspended

Question 17

thyroid cartilage

Answer 17

large butterfly shaped cartilage forms side walls of larynx. Back portion is open. Front portion fuses to make the thyroid prominence (Adam’s Apple). V-shaped notch above the prominence marks the spot where vocal folds attach anteriorly inside

Question 18

cricoid cartilage

Answer 18

ring shaped cartilage, thick in back-narrower in front. Sits between thyroid and trachea. Facets where thyroid attaches allows pivoting which lengthens and shortens the vocal folds for pitch variation

Question 19

extrinsic muscles

Answer 19

have one attachment inside the larynx and one outside. Provide supportive framework and can raise or lower the larynx

Question 20

intrinsic muscles

Answer 20

have both attachments confined inside the larynx and are responsible for sound production

Question 21

adduction

Answer 21

to bring together

Question 22

abduction

Answer 22

to separate

Question 23

arytenoid cartilage

Answer 23

attach to the top posterior (larger) side of the cricoid cartilage. Pyramid shaped!!

Question 24

lateral process

Answer 24

attach to several muscles which help open and close the vocal folds

Question 25

thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 25

White vibrating portion of the vocalis muscle

Question 26

vocal folds attach

Answer 26

anteriorly at the inside angle of thyroid notch, posteriorly at the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages

Question 27

Bernoulli Effect

Answer 27

built-up air pressure below the vocal folds blows the folds open, however, the Bernoulli Effect causes the closing of the folds after they have abducted. Lowered air pressure after the air molecules have rushed through the glottis causes the folds to adduct.

Question 28

traditional approach to speech sounds classification

Answer 28

MPV and CV

Question 29

distinctive features to speech sound classification

Answer 29

according to the presence or absence of a phoneme; + or - coined by Chomsky and Halle

Question 30

3 categories of phonological processes

Answer 30

syllable structure processes, substitution process and assimilation processes

Question 31

Articulation disorders are determined by

Answer 31

Sound production errors resulting in nonstandard speech sounds-do not affect the meaning of words or neutralize phonemic contrast

Question 32

phonological disorders are determined by

Answer 32

Sound production errors that result in the collapse of phonemic contrasts and affect meaning.