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Immunology 436 > Chapter 2/3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

A

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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2
Q

What do all PMN leukocytes contain?

A

Granules filled with lysosomes filled with nucleases, lipases, proteases, toxic peroxides, superoxide radicals for microbial killing

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3
Q

What are in mast cell granules?

A

Histamine. Mast cells are primary responders in allergic reactions

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4
Q

Which progenitor cells generate dendritic cells (DCs)?

A

We don’t actually know, but we group them with lymphoid progenitor cells right now

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5
Q

What is the ratio of RBCs to WBCs? How does this change during infection?

A

1000:1. However, during infection, the WBC count increases.

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6
Q

How long do PMN cells live? Monocytes?

A

2-3 days. Monocytes live for months.

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7
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Abnormally high number of neutrophils/ Greater than 7500/microliter

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8
Q

Describe what “left shift” is in context of neutrophils

A

It’s the premature release of neutrophils. Occurs when demand for mature neutrophils exceeds supply

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9
Q

What can cause neutrophilia?

A

Stress (physiologic), hemorrhage hemolysis, some drugs, metabolic disorders, neoplasms (abnormal tissue masses)

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10
Q

What are the blood percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils?

A

Neutrophils = 62%
Lymphocytes = 20-30%
Monocytes = 2-8%
Eosinophils = 2.3%
Basophils = 0-2%

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11
Q

In which acute inflammation scenarios is neutrophilia present?

A

Splenectomy, appendicitis, nervousness (epinephrine), heart attack, burns…etc

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12
Q

Describe neutropenia

A

Abnormally low neutrophil count. Less than 2000 cells/microliter

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13
Q

Consequences of neutropenia?

A

Severe prolonged infections bc supply can’t meet demand
Abnormal distribution and sequestration
Decreased bone marrow production (caused by chemo, aplastic anemia, radiation)
Increased destruction (caused by splenomegaly, immune reaction)

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14
Q

What is granulocytopenia?

A

Drastically low levels of all 3 granulocytes!

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15
Q

What percent of granulocytes do neutrophils comprise?

A

95%

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16
Q

Which is the biggest granulocyte?

A

Basophil. But lowest count of all WBCs

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17
Q

Distinguish primary and secondary granules

A

Primary granules = bigger and contain killing enzymes
Secondary granules = smaller and contain molecules for maintaining homeostasis

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18
Q

What does FMLP stand for? What is its function? Which cell type secretes it?

A

N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Functions as positive chemotactant for neutrophils. Secreted by bacteria. SUPER positively chemotactic even at tiniest concentrations

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19
Q

Describe eosinophilia

A

Abnormally high eosinophil count. Greater than 450 cells/ul

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20
Q

What problems is eosinophilia associated with?

A

-Type I allergic disorders
-Dermatologic disorders
-Parasite infestation
-Some malignancies
-Some drugs

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21
Q

What is eosinopenia?

A

Abnormally low eosinophil count

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22
Q

What problems is eosinopenia associated with?

A

Stress responses (surgery, shock, trauma, burns, mental distress)
Cushing’s syndrome: excess glucocorticoids, which is drug induced.

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23
Q

Describe basophilia

A

Abnormally high basophil count.

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24
Q

What issues are associated with basophilia?

A

It’s rare in humans, but can experience inflammation and fast hypersensitivity.
Myeloproliferative disorders and found in veterinary medicine (heart worm disease)

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25
Q

Describe basopenia and why this one is weird

A

Abnormally low basophil count, but hard to tell because normal range is 0-2%. Can be associated with hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, and long term steroid therapy

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26
Q

How many nuclei do neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils have?

A

Neutrophils are trilobite, so 3 nuclei.
Eosinophils and basophils have 2 nuclei

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27
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Connective tissue

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28
Q

Contrast basophil vs mast cell granules

A

Right before releasing histamine, the bigger mast cell granules clump together. Basophil granules are smaller and do NOT clump

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29
Q

Basophil granules contain more _________ than T cells, which cause B cells to start making _____ and are responsible for _________

A

IL-4
IgE
Allergies

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30
Q

Macrophages enter blood as ______ from ______

A

Monocytes
Bone marrow

31
Q

Macrophages are part of ____, also known as the _____. What is this system’s function?

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES), all known as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
Functions to trap and expose foreign antigens (APC) for phagocytosis

32
Q

Functions of macrophages?

A

Recycle trapped antigen materials to simple sugars, aa, lipids, nucleic acids. Also to process and present antigens to specific T cells

33
Q

Describe the different types of macrophages that monocytes differentiate into and anatomical site

A

Kupffer cells = liver
Alveolar macrophages = lungs
Peritoneal macrophages = free-floating in peritoneal fluid in abdominal cavity
Microglial cells = central nervous tissue in brain
Dendritic cells = spleen and lymph nodes

34
Q

Where are monocytes located?

A

Along capillaries

35
Q

How long are monocytes in the blood before entering tissue?

A

8 hours after exiting bone marrow. Then go to tissue

36
Q

Which cells are involved in extra cellular killing?

A

Natural killer cells of innate immune system and cytotoxic T cells of adaptive immune system

37
Q

How to NK cells know who to kill?

A

Cell-to-cell contact by engaging killer-cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) with target cell. If it binds MHC-1 (self antigen), then NK cell activation is inhibited and degranulation occurs. No destruction. If the KIRs are unable to bind MHC-1, then NK cell activates and kills target cell.

38
Q

Hallmarks of inflammation?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

39
Q

What causes inflammation?

A

Tissue necrosis, bone fracture, cut, burn, chemical exposure, infection, hypersensitivity reaction

40
Q

Inflammation causes release of what? Give example.

A

Acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP). It binds bacteria and activates complement system, which can lead to lysis enhanced by phagocytosis

41
Q

Acute phase protein that is marker for inflammation?

A

C-reactive protein

42
Q

MHC-1 is expressed on ALL cells. True or False?

A

False. Only present on nucleated cells. Meaning erythrocytes don’t have them bc lack nucleus

43
Q

NK cells have antigen specific receptors. True or False?

A

False. Have self antigen receptors but nonspecific killing

44
Q

Describe bradykinin

A

Best example of kinin superfamily. Stimulates nerve endings -> pain during inflammation. Vasodilator

45
Q

Which protein family becomes activated during tissue damage? Through which pathway?

A

Kinins activated through blood clotting cascade

46
Q

Which protein leads to kinin production?

A

Hageman factor (AKA coagulation factor XII) generates Kallikrein, which makes kinins

47
Q

Kinins are responsible for what during inflammation?

A

Pain and itching

48
Q

Explain kinin role in vasodilation

A

Act on vascular endothelial cells to make them contract (get smaller) and vasodilate vessels, thus making the vessels leaky. Also induce CAM expression so that leukocytes can adhere.

49
Q

Steps of leukocyte adhesion

A

Tethering, rolling, activation, adherence and crawling, transendothelial migration

50
Q

Types of CAMs

A

ICAM-I and selectins

51
Q

Which cells are present at site of inflammation? Within what time frame?

A

PMN cells show up within 30-60 minutes to phagocytose intruder

52
Q

Which cells arrive if intruder persists after neutrophils arrive?

A

Mononuclear cells

53
Q

Role of monocytes during inflammation?

A

Produce cytokines when activated with antigen. Process antigen.

54
Q

Key inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha, IL-8

55
Q

What do inflammatory cytokines do?

A

Induce CAMs for adhesion by neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

56
Q

Key role of IL-8?

A

Positively chemo-attract leukocytes to increase phagocytosis

57
Q

Chemotactic factors for leukocytes?

A

Bacterial products
Complement
Chemical mediators

58
Q

Fever is commonly present in ____?

A

inflammation

59
Q

Bacterial products cause monocytes to release which cytokines that travel to hypothalamus to trigger fever?

A

IL-1

60
Q

Bone marrow is what kind of lymphatic organ?

A

Primary and secondary

61
Q

Describe parts of thymus and T cell populations that reside there

A

Cortical/outer/cortex region contains immature T cells.
Medulla/central region contains mature T cells that interact with APC for clonal selection

62
Q

T cell maturation occurs when?

A

During fetal development and 1-2 years after birth

63
Q

What percent T cells survive and leave thymus?

A

Only 5-10%

64
Q

List secondary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, tonsils, appendix

65
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Ileum of small intestine

66
Q

What happens in secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphocytes interact with antigen and synthesize antibody. Trapping and concentrating antigens

67
Q

What are MALT, GALT, and BALT?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue = GI tract, salivary glands, eyes, skin
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue = Peyer’s patches
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue = bronchial tree

68
Q

Which is the largest secondary lymphoid organ? Components? Function?

A

Spleen. White pulp (B and T cells) and red pulp (RBC and macrophages). Functions to filter dead cells and bacteria in blood

69
Q

After antigen exposure, which cells proliferate in spleen?

A

Plasma cells

70
Q

Describe parts of lymph node

A

Cortex, medulla, and outer capsule of connective tissue.

Cortex has lymphoid follicles that enlarge when stimulated with antigen

71
Q

Why do lymph nodes enlarge?

A

B cells undergo mitosis

72
Q

Describe B and T cell populations throughout lymph node

A

Mature but naive B cells undergo mitosis at germinal centers in cortex
Mature but naive T cells in paracortex
Mature and clonally selected B cells in medulla
Hilus receives antibody

73
Q

Describe fate of antigen in bloodstream

A

Antigen enters blood -> APC such as DC, macrophage, or B cell interaction in spleen -> APC interacts with T cells that lead to T and B cell activation -> acquired immune response

Immunology 436 (11 decks)

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