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Embryo > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gestational age

A

from last menstral cycle (~14 days before fertilization)

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2
Q

chromosome defined by a…

A

centromere

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3
Q

reduction division

A

first meiotic division (diploid to haploid, but have double-chromatid chromosomes)

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4
Q

spermatogonia

A

dormant in semineiferous tubules until puberty

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5
Q

spermatogenesis order

A

spermatogonium(46XY) to primary spermatocyte (46XY) to secondary spermatocytes (23X or 23Y) to spermatids(two 23X, two 23Y) to normal sperms

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6
Q

length of time for entire spermatogenesis process

A

about 2 months

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7
Q

place where sperms become functionally mature

A

epididymis

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8
Q

head of sperm

A

haploid nucleus

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9
Q

acrosome

A

covers anterior 2/3 of nucleus; caplike structure containing several enzymes

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10
Q

tail of sperm segments

A

middle (mitochondria), principle, and end pieces

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11
Q

Microdeletions in Y chromosome results in…

A

defective spermatogenesis and infertility

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12
Q

when do oogonia proliferate by mitosis

A

early fetal life (oogonia enlarge to form primary oocytes before birth)

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13
Q

what constitutes a primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte enclosed by a single layer of lattened follicular epithelial cells

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14
Q

what constitutes a primary follicle

A

follicular epithelial cells become cuboidal, then columnar during puberty

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15
Q

zona pellucida

A

covering of amorphous acellular glycoprotein material

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16
Q

what do follicular cells secrete in primary oocytes

A

oocyte maturation inhibitor

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17
Q

suspended prophase

A

dictyotene

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18
Q

what occurs shortly before ovulation

A

completion of first meiotic division to form seconday oocyte and first polar body

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19
Q

what occurs at ovulation

A

nucleus of secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division through metaphase and is arrested until fertilization

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20
Q

how many primary oocytes are in the ovaries of a newborn

A

2 million, most recess during childhood leaving 40,000 by adolescence (only 400 become secondary oocytes)

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21
Q

ideal maternal age for reproduction

A

18-35

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22
Q

percent of sperm abnormal in ejaculate

A

as many as 10%

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23
Q

layers of uterine body wall

A

perimetrium (thin external layer), myometrium (thick smooth muscle layer), endometrium (thin internal layer)

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24
Q

3 layers of perimetrium

A

thin compact layer, thick spongy layer, thin basal layer

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25
Q

functional layers of perimetrium

A

compact plus spongy; shed during mestration and after parturition

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26
Q

4 parts of uterine tube

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine part

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27
Q

ovaries produce what hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

28
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis and storage

A

synthesized by hypothalamus, stored in anterior pituitary

29
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone action

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH

30
Q

FSH action

A

stimulates development of ovarian follicles (ususally 5-12) and production of estrogen by follicular cells

31
Q

LH action

A

trigger for ovulation; stimulates follicular cells and corpus luteum to produce progesterone

32
Q

Theca folliculi 2 layers

A

theca interna - internal vascular/glandular layer and theca externa - capsule like layer

33
Q

angiogenesis factor produced by what cells

A

thecal cells

34
Q

follicular fluid coalesces to form…

A

antrum

35
Q

mound of follicular cells surrounding oocyte in secondary follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

36
Q

stigma

A

avascular spot on surface of ovary where oocyte will be expelling in ovulation

37
Q

how oocyte is expelled

A

stigma ruptures, contration of smooth muscle in theca externa (due to prostaglandin stimulation)

38
Q

glycoproteins in zona pellucida

A

ZPA, ZPB, ZPC

39
Q

mittelschmerz

A

abdominal pain due to ovulation (slight bleeding into peritoneal cavity)

40
Q

corpus luteum

A

reminants after oocyte is ovulated; produces progesterone and some estrogen to prepare endometrium

41
Q

what prevents corpus luteum degeneration

A

human chorionic gonadotropin; secreted by syncytiotrophoblast of blastocyst (degenerates 10-12 days after ovulation if no fertilization)

42
Q

variation of menstral cycle length is during which part

A

alterations of proliferative phase

43
Q

estrogen bases oral contraceptives

A

acts on hypothalamus and pituitary inhibiting secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormaone, FSH, and LH

44
Q

menstrual phase

A

funtional layer sloughed off; lasts 4-5 days; 20-80 mL blood lost

45
Q

proliferative phase (aka follicular, estrogenic phase)

A

9 days; coincides with ovarian follicle growth (controlled by estrogen secreted by follicles)

46
Q

Luteal phase (aka secretory, progesterone phase)

A

13 days; coincides with formation of corpus luteum (stimulates glandular epithelium to produce glycogen-rich material via progesterone)

47
Q

Ischemic phase

A

spiral arteries constrict; hormone withdrawl (glandular secretion stops)

48
Q

when does blastocyst implast into endometrium

A

about the 6th day of the luteal phase (day 20 of 28)

49
Q

resumation of meses after pregnancy termination

A

6-10 weeks if not breastfeeding

50
Q

what accessorry glands produce secretions for sperm ejaculate

A

seminal glands, prostate, bulbourethral

51
Q

what are thought to stimulate uterine motility

A

prostaglandins

52
Q

fructose is secreted by what glands for sperm energy source

A

seminal

53
Q

average volume of ejaculate

A

2-6 mL with average of 3.5 mL

54
Q

speed of sperm

A

2-3 mm per minute, but varies with pH environment (more rapid in alkaline environment); only ~200 reach fertilization site

55
Q

capacitation

A

last about 7 hours - glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins removed from acrosome

56
Q

lysis of zona pellucida

A

enzymes esterases, acrosin, and neuraminidase (acrosin most important!)

57
Q

ootid

A

oocyte containing two haploid pronuclei; becomes zygote when they fuse

58
Q

early pregnancy factor

A

immunosuppressant protein in maternal serum within 24-48 hours after fertilization; basis of pregnancy tests during first 10 days of development

59
Q

compaction

A

after 9 cell stage, blastomeres change shape and tighly align themselves; probably mediated by cell surface adhesion glycoproteins

60
Q

12-32 blastomeres

A

called morula (~3 days after fertilization)

61
Q

blastocystic cavity is formed by…

A

fluid passes from uterine cavity through zona pellucida

62
Q

blastocystic cavity separates blastomeres into two parts

A

trophoblast, thinner outer layer; embryoblast, inner cell mass

63
Q

early embryo nutrition is from

A

secretions of uterine glands

64
Q

Attachment to endometrium is follwed by rapid proliferation of trophoblast into 2 layers

A

Inner layer of cytotrophoblasts and outer layer of syncytiotrophoblasts

65
Q

what produces enzymes that erode maternal tissues, enabling the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium

A

syncytiotrophoblast

66
Q

hypoblast

A

primary endoderm; appears on surface of embryoblast facing blastocystic cavity day 7

67
Q

overall early spontaneous abortion rate

A

about 45%

Embryo (5 decks)

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