Chapter 2 Flashcards
Anti-Federalist
Favored a weaker central government and more power to the state. They were afraid that their rights would be taken away from a strong government.
Checks and Balences
The idea that no one person or group should have too much power.
Deists
Believe in the God, but not overly considered in which God is right.
Electoral College
People appointed to vote on the president. Senators chosen by the state.
Federalist
Favored the constitution and a strong central government.
Indian Intercourse Act
Used to resolve issues to regulate all trade with NA’s and to take land only with treaties.
Land Of Ordinence
The people in the newly independent land would auction out western land to other people. However this land was not the people’s to take, it had already been owned by the Indians.
Loose Constructionsit
Believed that the constitution allowed interpretations with the Elastic Clause.
Loyalist
These people did not want to break away from England.
Magna Carta
You could not be taxed unless you had one representation in the parliament.
Midnight Justices
What Jefferson called judges who he refused to appoint. These judges would have increased power.
Minute Men
Men who were untrained in the means of weaponry and war tactics. When they would hear about any kind of conflict or issue they would spring to action and help defend what ever needed to be defended.
Salons
They were not getting their hair done they were getting together and talk things out, this was against the catholic church.
Satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
Separation of Powers
The separation of government between multiple groups to make sure the government doesn’t have too much power. Requires people to compromise so society can function.
Strict Constructionist
Believes the constitution allows only what it specifically says and believes it forbids everything it does not expressly permit.
The Excises Tax
A tax the government made on liquor to help pay off debts. Controversial to farmers that grew grains to make into liquor.
The Navigation Act
Prevented other powers from benefitting from colonies by requiring them to only ship to Britain (they needed the income).
The Stamp Act
Whatever had a stamp, you had to pay taxes. To make sure that goods were sold well, a stamp was put on the good. Stamp on anything to prove taxes had been payed for that.
The Quartering Act
requiring colonists to allow soldiers to stay in their homes. Many questioned why because the war was pretty much over.
The Sugar Act
Made sure that all sugar was coming in only from England and made sure that all sugar was only being exported to England.
War of Attrition
Americans tried to outlast the British because it was their only option. They didn’t really win the war, they just lasted longer than the British.
Alien and Sedition Acts
4 acts-imprison/deport anyone from an enemy nation, president could deport dangerous aliens, extended residence time, crime to publish writing against government. Attempt to end political opposition and end the Democratic-Republicans.
Bill Of Rights
Antifederalists would only sign constitution if Bill of Rights was added. Compromise of government. Gave people basic rights.
Boston Tea Party
A ship came in with tea on it. A lot of times they had to wait for it. 60 men boarded the ship disguised as native americans. They came and they destroyed all of the goods. this was a huge deal.
Common Sense
A pamphlet that inspired a lot of people. Unified Americans in ways others couldn’t. Outsold the Bible for one year.
Elastic Clause
Makes it so the constitution is up for interpretation, gives congress the ability to to make laws for duties and everything is permitted if it is not expressly forbid.
Encyclopédie
It is a book that has all information in it. It was insane back then to even consider such a thing.
Enlightenment
A major intellectual movement that changed history remarkably. Huge philosophy and printing press.
Intolerable Acts
Acts that The British did to try to stop the things that were happening after the Tea Party.
Leviathan
Acts that The British did to try to stop the things that were happening after the Tea Party.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
A supreme court case that increased judicial power. Expanded number of federal judges and then appointed new ones.
New Jersey Plan
States that for every state, there will be two representative.
Salutary Neglect
British left the colonies to fend for themselves for many years. Parliament acted like they didn’t really care about the colonies as long as they were making money off of them.
Separation of powers
Used to make sure not one person had too much power. Split the government inot 3 parts-ideas from enlightenment.
Shay’s Rebellion (1786)
Small rebellion that involved 2000 people. These people wanted to stop foreclosure from happening, especially to those who were farmers.
Shot heard round the world
The first shots the American and British took at each other. Started the Revolutionary war.
Social Contract
Government should only try to interfere with people if there is someone in danger or harmed. To do what is right for the people. Shapes our government today.
Tabula rasa
Enlightenment idea-people were born with a blank slate, with no knowledge of good or bad at birth. Identity is entirely determined after birth.
Taxation without Representation
Became the slogan for many Americans. Signified how little the appreciated taxes, saying that they did not have any legislation.
The Albany Congress
An attempt to get more support for the war in Albany. Only 7 colonies attended. This showed the tension of the war.
The Battle of Bladensburg (1814)
British took out a larger American army, burned the white house and capitol building. It was a huge hit to the moral of the US.
The Battle of New Orleans
last battle of the war (actually after the treaty was signed). Jackson defeated the British and became a hero, was later elected president.
The Battles of Lexington & Concord
This was the 1st battle of the Revolutionary War. Cities organized minute men and British troops tried to seize weapons. Over 270 British were killed, while only 100 Americans were.
The Boston Massacre
People are pissed off because they wanted to have their tea without a major cost. They all still love tea they are british citizens. Things are getting closer and closer to revolt so military guys had to come to control. The people tried to throw snowballs at the officers. They were throwing rocks at armed policemen. Someone eventually fires. That started the process of continuous shooting. It is funny that it was called the Boston Massacre because five people died.
The Federalist Papers
Propaganda essays written to persuade people in New York. New York was very antifederalist. These essays were anonymous; however, it is debatable whether they had an impact or not. Stopped when New York threatened to secede.
The Great Compromise
People would fight over whether or not they could count slaves as people. For the smaller states this meant that they could be heard because their population would double because of the virginia plan.
The Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
A secret meeting to try and end the war. The war was not very popular in some area. Didn’t make a difference because the war was over by the time they signed it and such.
The Louisiana Purchase
the purchase of tons of land from France. France got it from Spain. The importance was the president kind of went away from his beliefs because the constitution said nothing about purchasing land.
The Proclamation of 1763:
This forbade colonists from settling in NA territory. This made the colonists more mad and want freedom more.
The Tea Act:
East indian trading company on a monopoly of all the tea going in and out in the harbor. Boston was a big trading area…
The Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
An attempt to nullify laws. Similar to enlightenment. Started the 1st debate over who had final authority in controversial issues.
The 3/5ths clause
A major compromise over how to count slaves. No rights were given, they just needed to be counted. Southern states wanted each slave to count, while Northern states wanted them not to be counted. Current politicians say they wanted to end slavery, but that isn’t true.
Virginia Plan
Stated that the more population a state has, the more representatives are allowed for that particular state.
War Hawks
A new generation of congressmen who were being elected into congress. Started talking about a war with Britain, hoping a victory would bring them more land and wanted to attack NA.
Wealth of Nations
Promoted people working in competition with each other and concepts of supply and demand. This completely changed the Western world, making economics a science.
XYZ Affair (1798)
Issue with France over Britain, French agents told Americans they had to pay 181.5 million dollars, which made Americans really mad.
Yeoman Farmers:
Jefferson wanted no government. wanted to farmers to have their own land no government.
Explain the connection between the concept of “questioning” and the enlightenment.
The concept of questioning is when people question everything in the world around them. This promotes and sets the groundwork for enlightenment, because enlightenment is all about questioning and understand what is around you, which is so much different from previous thought.
How did the arguments between Hamilton vs. Jefferson help shape our government as we know it?
The two very different opinions created the most popular parties known today. The democratic party and the republican party.
How did the Marbury v. Madison case change the power structure of the national government?
It changed it by making it so the Supreme Court had more power. It made it so only the courts could decide if the laws are unconstitutional and it laid the groundwork for the rest of the government.
What did the Whiskey Rebellion show early leaders in regards to the constitution?
The whiskey rebellion showed early leaders that the government couldn’t really deal with any challenge to its authority, the people have all of the power.
What specific ideas did the founding fathers take from enlightenment thinkers in creating the constitution?
The enlightenment in the constitution was based on philosopher ideas. They decided to split the government into three branches, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial based on the enlightenment thinker’s ideas.
What were the problems of the Articles of Confederation?
The problem with the Articles of Confederation was it made the Congress weak on purpose. THey were scared of giving the government too much power; however, there was a lack of leadership, trade regulation, tax collection, and similar money. They needed to fix the government.
What were the reasons for the start of the War of 1812?
The reason was the US decided to attack the British and French and try to take Canada.
Which constitution showed the strongest fear of a central government?
The Articles of Confederation showed the strongest fear of central government, because the colonist had just gotten out of the British government, so they were afraid. The Articles had an extremely weak government.
Why was the Battle of Saratoga such an important turning point for the American Revolution?
The American victory convinced the world they could actually win the war, therefore making other countries come and help the US win or send them supplies for the war.
Why were so many enlightenment thinkers against the church?
Enlightenment thinkers were against the church, because they wanted people to be able to think and understand in their own way, without the Bible and God telling them what to believe. Because the church was telling people what to do and the enlightenment thinkers did not want people to be controlled by the church.
Adam Smith
He believed that trade would be better without government interference and wanted to use free trade according to supply and demand. This changed the entire Western world and make economics a science.
Crispus Attucks
He was the first one to die in the American Revolution, he was back.
David Hume
He discovered the idea of skepticism which is finding the limits of human knowledge and reasoning. He showed a different approach to thinking and thought that if it was reasonable, it was moral.
Denis Diderot
He assembled the first encyclopedia. This was a revolutionary book because so much information had never been in one place before.
Francis Scott Key
He made the national anthem.He was asked to negotiate something, but was kept on a ship overnight. We were greatly over numbered and he was sure that our fort would have been captured, however when he woke up he saw our flag still standing which inspired him to write a poem that would eventually become our national anthem
François-Marie Arouet
He was a huge anti-religion person, and he was a big supporter of a monarchy. He was the first one of his time to think this way.
George Washington
He was the first president, he was very popular and everyone knew him. He was so loved by the people that he was offered to be the king of America. He denied the power and he was the only person in American history to receive a unanimous vote.
Immanuel Kant:
He was considered the last major philosopher of the enlightenment. He attacked the fundamentals of the enlightenment, which changed future development.
James Watt
He was an inventor who invented the steam engine. This gave power to industries and changed the world forever.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
He was a philosopher with key ideas in Romanticism. Believed that people were good by nature, but society corrupted them.
John Adams
Became president and was the first president elected with heated political parties. He ended up making really bad decisions for both parties.
John Locke:
He was one of the most important political thinkers of all time. His ideal government inspired the government we have today, with natural born rights.
Meriwether Lewis:
He was apart of the team that explored the land they got from the Louisiana purchase. Also studied other kinds of life
Sacajawea
Helped Lewis and Clark explore the new purchased land. Made the hostility between NA less.
The Baron de Montesquieu
Added to the philosophy of John Locke. He stressed the importance of separation of powers, which is the basis of our government today.
Thomas Hobbes
Wrote the Leviathan. He thought that all men are evil.
Thomas Paine:
Wrote a pamphlet that inspired a ton of people and helped unify Americans. The only year something outsold the bible.
Voltaire:
Believed in more freedom, was one of the first people to denounce God.
1st Continental Congress
Met to discuss the intolerable acts.1774
Siege of Yorktown
The last major battle of the war. 1781
The Declaration of Independence
Declared independence from Britain, different from the constitution. 1776
Articles Of Confederation
Original constitution with little power to the government 1777
US Constitution
Final constitution. 1787
Marquis de La Fayette
National hero in France and US. He insisted on helping the US and ended up being Washington’s right hand man. He helped a lot, but then got mad at Washington for refusing to give up his slaves.
