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Medical Emergencies > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components that are considered essential for the emergency kit in the dental office?

A 
Oxygen
Epinephrine
Nitroglycerin
Histamine blocker
Albuterol
Aspirin
Oral glucose
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2
Q

What should the emergency kit include?

A

Manual with emergency telephone numbers
Names of persons responsible for the emergency kit update and emergency drills
Emergency protocol
Emergency treatment record

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3
Q

What is epinephrine used for?

A

Emergency treatment for anaphylaxis
Reduce risk of hypotension, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema
Prevents release of histamine and chemical mediators

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4
Q

What is nitroglycerin used for?

A

Used to dilate the coronary blood vessels to treat acute angina, myocardial infarction, or heart failure
Pill or spray form

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5
Q

What is chlorpheniramine (diphenhydramine) used for?

A

Histamine blocker recommended for management of allergic reactions
Injectable blocker for moderate reactions (wheezing, urticaria, pruritus)

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6
Q

What is albuterol used for?

A

Bronchodilator used to treat an asthma attack or bronchospasm

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7
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A

Effective in reducing overall mortality from myocardial infarction

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8
Q

What is oral carbohydrate used for?

A

Used to administer to conscious patients suffering from hypoglycemia
Glucose paste and tablets recommended

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9
Q

What are some drugs that are beneficial but not essential?

A

Injectable benzodiazepine (management of recurrent seizures or hyperventilation)
Glucagon (unconscious hypoglycemic patient)
Corticosteroid (prevention of a recurrence of anaphylactic reaction and adrenal crisis)

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10
Q

What are some additional items for the emergency kit?

A

Blood pressure cuff
Stethoscope
Pocket mask with one way valve
Syringes (for delivery of IM drugs that are not in preloaded syringes)
Perioretriever (removal of broken instrument tips)
Band-aids and sterile gauze
Ice pack
Thermometer
AED (automated external defibrillator)
Glucometer (to measure blood glucose levels)

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11
Q

What is the drug of choice for severe allergic reaction?

A

Epinephrine 1:1000 0.3 mg IM

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12
Q

For which medical emergency would you administer albuterol?

A

Asthma attack

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13
Q

A patient who is hypoglycemic would benefit from which emergency item?

A

Oral carbohydrate

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14
Q

Nitroglycerin aids in the treatment of angina pectoris by?

A

Dilating coronary arteries

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15
Q

All of the following are essential items for the dental office emergency kit except one. Which one is the exception?

A

Atropine

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16
Q

If a patient is experiencing a severe asthma attack what is the first drug of choice?

A

Albuterol

17
Q

If a patient is experiencing a sever asthma attack and the first drug of choice doesn’t work, what is the next drug of choice?

A

Epinephrine

18
Q

Epinephrine should not be given to which type of patient because it can exacerbate their condition?

A

Ischemic heart disease and severe hypertension

19
Q

True or False

Does nitroglycerin have a rapid onset?

A

True

20
Q

What is the more effective form of nitroglycerine?

A

Spray, tablet life is reduced when exposed to light (can be as a little as 12 weeks)

21
Q

How is nitroglycerine administered?

A

Tablet (sublingually) 0.2 - 0.6 mg
Spray (one spray translingually or sublingually)
Two additional doses can be administered at 5 minute intervals

22
Q

What is recommended for management of allergic reactions?

A

Histamine blocker
10 mg chlorpheniramine
20-50 mg diphenhydramine

23
Q

What is the pediatric dose of diphenhydramine?

A

1 mg per kilogram of body weight and should not exceed the adult dose

24
Q

True or False

Albuterol has a quick onset, with a peak effect of 30-60 minutes and a long duration of action 4 to 6 hours

A

True

25
Q

What is the adult dose of albuterol?

A

2 puffs, with the maximum of 12 puffs per day

26
Q

True or False

If the initial dose of albuterol is ineffective, the use of a spacing device is recommended as it allows for more effective distribution of the drug in the lungs.

A

True

27
Q

True or False

If aspirin is administered early enough during MI, the drug will help prevent the progression from cardiac ischemia to cardiac injury to cardiac tissue death.

A

True

28
Q

What is the minimum effective dose of aspirin to give to a patient with pain suggestive of MI?

A

At least 162 mg or two baby aspirins

29
Q

True or False

Oral carbohydrates are source for conscious patients suffering from hypoglycemia.

A

True

Glucose paste and tablets are recommended as they do not require refrigeration and they have long shelf lives.

30
Q

True

Juice or non-diet soda can be used if tablets and paste are unavailable.

A

True

31
Q

What drug is used for management of prolonged or recurrent seizures or hyperventilation?

A

Injectable benzodiazepine

Lorazepam is considered the benzodiazepine of choice for use of seizures because it can be administered intramuscularly.

32
Q

The adult dose of Lorazepam is?

A

4 mg intramuscularly (IM)

33
Q

True or False

Glucagon administered IM is the drug of choice for the unconscious hypoglycemic patient.

A

True

34
Q

What is the recommended glucagon dosage for adults?

A

1 mg IM

0.5 mg for patient weighing less than 20 kg

35
Q

Corticosteroids have a fast or slow onset of action?

A

Slow

36
Q

What is the corticosteroid of choice for the emergency kit in a dental office?

A

Hydrocortisone (100 mg - injectable)

37
Q

What is a corticosteroid used for?

A

Prevention of a recurrence of an anaphylactic reaction and management of adrenal crisis
Reduction of histamine release

Medical Emergencies (16 decks)

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