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Hearing Science > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

outer ear

A

consists of the auricle and ear canal

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2
Q

middle ear

A

the air-filled cavity behind the eardrum (aka tympanic cavity)

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3
Q

ossicular chain

A

made of the malleus, incus and stapes, act as a bridge from the eardrum to the oval window, which is the entrance to the inner ear

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4
Q

conductive system

A

the outer and middle ear together. primary function is to bring sound signal from air to inner ear

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5
Q

sensorineural system

A

composed of the cochlea and 8th cranial nerve

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6
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

the articulation with the mandible joint

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7
Q

mandibular fossa

A

a depression located just below the base of the zygomatic process, accepts the condyle of the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint anterior to the ear canal

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8
Q

petrous part

A

forms the base of the cranium, contains the inner ear and the internal auditory meatus through which the 8th cranial nerve travels to the brainstem

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9
Q

mastoid part

A

composes the posterior portion of the temporal bone, contains an intricate system of interconnecting air cells

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10
Q

helix

A

the ridged rim along most of the perimeter of the pinna

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11
Q

intertragic incisure

A

the space or angle between the tragus and the antitragus

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12
Q

manubrium

A

long, lateral process of the malleus, attaches almost vertically to the eardrum

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13
Q

cone of light/light reflex

A

relection seen as a bright area on the anteroinferior surface of the eardrum

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14
Q

middle ear tympanum/ tympanic cavity

A

the cavity in the temporal bone behind the tympanic membrane

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15
Q

tegmen tympani

A

the thin bony plate that separates the tympanic cavity from the brain cavity above

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16
Q

cochleariform process

A

a curved bony projection on the anterior/medial wall that points into the middle ear space

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17
Q

stapedius muscle

A

the smallest skeletal muscle, contained within pyramidal eminence of tympanic cavity, innervated by facial (7th cranial) nerve

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18
Q

acoustic reflex

A

the reflexive middle ear muscle contraction that occurs in response to high levels of sound stimulation

19
Q

protection theory

A

suggests the acoustic reflex protects the inner ear from potentially damaging sound levels
but this is unlikely because the reflex has a delay that would make it ineffective in protecting against sudden sounds

20
Q

fixation theory

A

holds that the middle ear muscles maintain the appropriate positioning and rigidity of ossicles

21
Q

accommodation theory

A

states the muscles modify the characteristics of the conductive system so that the absorption of sound energy is maximized

22
Q

eustachian tube

A

provides for the aeration and drainage of the middle ear system and makes it possible for air pressure to be the same on both sides of the eardrum (almost horizontal in young children)

23
Q

isthmus

A

the meeting point of the bony and cartilaginous portions of the eustachian tube

24
Q

ear canal resonance effect

A

sounds entering the ear will be enhanced if they are close to the resonant frequency range, resulting in a boost in the sound level pressure (SPL) reaching the eardrum

25
Q

head-related transfer function (HRTF)

A

shows how the sound reaching the eardrum is affected by the direction of the sound source relative to the head, shows how the spectrum is changed by the acoustical path from loudspeaker to eardrum

26
Q

basilar membrane

A

a fibrous membrane that runs horizontally from the osseous spiral lamina to the spiral ligament

27
Q

organ of Corti

A

the sensory organ for hearing and sits on the basilar membrane

28
Q

Resonance place theory

A

Helmholtz proposed that the basilar membrane was constructed of segments that resonated in response to different frequencies, and that these segments were arranged according to location along the length of the basilar membrane

29
Q

Temporal/frequency theories

A

claimed that the entire cochlea responds as a whole to all frequencies instead of being activated on a place-by-place basis

30
Q

volley principle

A

proposed that several neurons operating as a group could fire in response to each cycle of a high frequency sound, even though none of them can do so individually

31
Q

threshold

A

the faintest sound level that induces a response from a neuron

32
Q

characteristic frequency

A

the frequency at which the lowest threshold of a neuron occurs

33
Q

maculae

A

receptor organs of utricle and saccule

34
Q

phase locking

A

even though a neuron may not fire very often, when it does fire, it will do so in synchrony with a certain phase of stimulus

35
Q

traveling wave envelope

A

the overall shape of traveling wave displacement pattern along the basilar membrane

36
Q

instantaneous displacement

A

the moment-to-moment displacements of basilar membrane at various phases of the wave cycle

37
Q

compound action potential of auditory nerve

A

the combined response of a very large number of neurons firing synchronously in response to a sudden brief sound, like a click

38
Q

tonotopic organization

A

arrangement of frequency by place, occurs at all levels from the cochlea up to the cortex

39
Q

ampulla

A

widening at bases of semicircular canals

40
Q

crista

A

receptor organ of the ampulla

41
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous mass on crista blocks endolymph like swinging door in ampulla. Hair cell cilia extend into cupula

42
Q

distortional mechanism

A

primary inner ear mechanism, scala bestibuli has larger volume than scala tympani, so distortions of fluid-flilled capsule causes compensatory up and down displacements of basilar membrane

43
Q

compressional mechanism

A

supplements distortional mechanism, when compressed fluids push outward at oval and round windows, the traveling wave bulges more because it is more compliant. Hence, fluid is displaced downward toward the scala tympani, thus displacing the basilar membrane

Hearing Science (2 decks)

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