Chapter 2 Flashcards by bridgette Elyk

Neurotransmitter.
Implicated in depression and anxiety. Helps regulate and stabilize mood. Low levels = suicide and depression; more impulsive.

Serotonin

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Neurotransmitter
Regulates experience of pleasure or if we are bored.
Hallucinations, delusions, strange motor behaviors. Schizophrenia - plays a role in psychotic disorders.
Depression in low effect. Regulates some motor behavior

Dopamine

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Neurotransmitter
Stress hormone. Released during fight or flight. Helps prepare body for stress.
Anxiety and depression

Norepinephrine

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No one gene that predisposes one to something

Polygenic process

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Most popular first line of response for psychological disorders

Drug therapy

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Very severe treatment for depression (last resort)

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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Very uncommon biological treatment. Rarely practiced, only in extreme cases where the person is disabled from the disorder.

Psychosurgery

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Type of drug used to treat depression.
Reduce feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite. Help them sleep and eat. Improve mood. Have delayed on-set of ~ 2-6 weeks.

Anti-depressants

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type of antidepressant. Generally not first line of response - complications with some foods and drugs.

MAOIs

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Type of antidepressant. A lot of side effects, but effective to treat depressive symptoms

Tricyclic antidepressants

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Most popular anti-depressants - harder to over dose.

Ex: Prozac

SSRIs

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Class of anti-depressants that help boost effectiveness of other anti-depressants one is taking. Can help offset negative side-effects of anti-depressants. Regulate appetite.

Augmenter Drugs

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Type of drug that helps calm someone down.

Reduces symptoms of anxiety, worry, tension, fearfulness.

Anti-Dnxiety

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Type of anti-anxiety.
Surpress central nervous system - mild sedation.
Can be very addictive with hard withdrawl.
In high dosages, used for capital punishment
Potent

Barbiturates

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Type of anti-anxiety
Not as addictive (but still addictive) 
Not as easy to over dose
Help one calm down/relax. 
Don't need to be taken all the time - don't interfere with functioning 
Insomnia

Benzodiazepines

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Type of drug that reduce symptoms of mania. Effective in treating bi-polar disorder. Helps stabilize mood so it doesn’t fluctuate

Mood stabilizers

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Type of drug that reduces symptoms of psychosis. Help reduce symptoms in people with schizophrenia like delusions and hallucinations

Anti-Psychotics

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guided by the Pleasure Principal
Instinctual needs, drives and impulses
Sexual; fueled by libido (sexual energy)

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guided by Reality Principal

Seeks gratification, but guides us to know when we can or cannot express our wishes.

Ego

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guided by Morality Principal
Conscience; unconsciously adopted from parents.
Adopts morals and values our parents hold.

Super Ego

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Help to control unacceptable Id impulses.

Defense Mechanisms

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Person avoids thinking about whatever it is.
By avoiding thinking about thought that was awful, avoiding thinking about it you don’t have to deal with anxiety. Unconscious.

Repression

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Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

Denial

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Rather than taking responsibility for negative thoughts, project those thought

Projection

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try to come up with a more or less explanation for anxiety that you are feeling or an action you did that resulted in a negative outcome.

Rationalization

take negative emotion and rather than projecting it on other target, put it on something else

Displacement

Common defensive mechanism. When person retreats from upsetting conflict to earlier developmental stage

Regression

Breast feeding, suckling (mouth) | if fixated: as adult, may be clingy and untrusting

Oral stage

(18mnths-3yrs) Child learning it can control bodily functions. Sense of control and learns to operate within the confounds of society. Learns that there are limitations on behavior and have to operate within society rules Fixation: slopey, messy too early - child become anal retentive (controlled) rigid, not about to bend with rules, very orderly, no flexability.

Anal stage

Genitals. Recognizes that girls look different from boys. Attention to difference.Interested in differences. Stage of exploration in child development

Phallic stage

(5-12yrs) Not a lot happens sexually. Child focused on going to school, growing, maturing. Can't really get fixated at this stage.

Latency

(12yrs-adult) | Focus sexual pleasure on genitals. May enjoy anal stimulation, but focus is on genitals than other body areas.

Genital

a technique in which the client is asked to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring anything. When you are not censoring your thoughts, thinks normally repressed/denied come out. Helps tell about self and what is going on in unconscious.

Free association

Client refusing or goes out of way to avoid topics (not always conscious)

Resistance

Client transfers feelings/emotions on therapist Ex: client gets mad when therapist has to cancel for family emergency. If client had parent that was never there, may over-react

Transference

Therapist transfers negative emotions onto client | Ex: client looks like sibling the therapist doesn't like, may not treat them like other clients.

Countertransference

the re-living of repressed feelings and emotions | Ex: punching something when mad

Catharsis

The process of dealing with an issue until it not longer affects the person's functioning (may take years)

Working through

Animals learn to behave in a certain way as a result of receiving rewards or punishments whenever they do so

Operant Conditioning

Behaviors which are followed by punishments are weakened, whereas behaviors which are followed by rewards are strengthened.

Law of Effect

goal is to increase behavior

reinforcement

goal is to decrease behavior

punishment

occurs when a person observes the rewards or punishments that another person received whith those consequences.

Observational learning

individuals learn responses by observing and repeating behavior. Process of identification, imitation. Don't have consequences involved. Most likely to happen if person doing behavior is someone you identify yourself with.

Modeling

Learning by temporal association When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they become fused in a person's mind; before long, the person responds in the same way to both events

Classical Conditioning

always envokes unconditioned response | Eg: dog salivating to smell of meat

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

the response that is evoked by the US (eg: salivating)

Unconditioned response (UR)

a stimulus which does not naturally evoke a response | eg: light - just seeing light come on makes dog salivate

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

the neutral stimulus, after main pairings with the US, comes to evoke the same response (CR) on its own eg: light

Conditioned Stimulus (CD)

involves pairing undesired behaviour with an aversive consequence ex: Antabuse

Aversion therapy

Teach body how to calm down and focus attention. Used for anxiety.

Relaxation exercises

By repeatedly pairing a feared stimulus with a behavior that is incompatible with anxiety the client will learn a new association 1) client learns and practices relaxation exercises 2) create fear/exposure hierarchy 3) gradual exposure to fear stimulus

Systematic Desensitization

extreme form of exposure therapy where the client presented with a feared stimulus and is unable to engage in avoidance behaviors

flooding

Based on principals of operant conditioning clients recieve small tokens that can be exchanged for bigger prizes when desired behavior is preformed. used for children, schizophrenics

token economies

involved rewarding small approximations of a desired behavior, until the desired behavior is performed in its entirety

Response Shaping

based on information, processing model. the goal of therapy is to help clients The initial stages of therapy focus on helping client see the relationship between their thought patterns and their emotional responses to hem. Subsequent stages focus on identifying and challenging errors in thinking

Beck's Cognitive Therapy (main model)

Believes in the basic human need for unconditional positive regard. If received, leads to unconditional self-regard. If not, leads to "conditions of worth"

Rogers Humanistic Theory and Therapy

therapist creates a supportive climate Unconditioned positive regard Accurate empathy Genuineness

Roger's "client-centered" therapy

Abnormalitiy results from the interation of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social and societal influences

Biopsychosocial theroy

assumes that in order to develop a mental disorder, an individual must have pre-existing vulnerability (diathesis) plus a trigger (stress) Diathesis + Stress = Mental Illness.

Diathesis-stress Model of Mental Illness