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Psych 3640 - Abnormal Behaviour > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurotransmitter.
Implicated in depression and anxiety. Helps regulate and stabilize mood. Low levels = suicide and depression; more impulsive.

A

Serotonin

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2
Q

Neurotransmitter
Regulates experience of pleasure or if we are bored.
Hallucinations, delusions, strange motor behaviors. Schizophrenia - plays a role in psychotic disorders.
Depression in low effect. Regulates some motor behavior

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter
Stress hormone. Released during fight or flight. Helps prepare body for stress.
Anxiety and depression

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

No one gene that predisposes one to something

A

Polygenic process

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5
Q

Most popular first line of response for psychological disorders

A

Drug therapy

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6
Q

Very severe treatment for depression (last resort)

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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7
Q

Very uncommon biological treatment. Rarely practiced, only in extreme cases where the person is disabled from the disorder.

A

Psychosurgery

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8
Q

Type of drug used to treat depression.
Reduce feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite. Help them sleep and eat. Improve mood. Have delayed on-set of ~ 2-6 weeks.

A

Anti-depressants

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9
Q

type of antidepressant. Generally not first line of response - complications with some foods and drugs.

A

MAOIs

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10
Q

Type of antidepressant. A lot of side effects, but effective to treat depressive symptoms

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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11
Q

Most popular anti-depressants - harder to over dose.

Ex: Prozac

A

SSRIs

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12
Q

Class of anti-depressants that help boost effectiveness of other anti-depressants one is taking. Can help offset negative side-effects of anti-depressants. Regulate appetite.

A

Augmenter Drugs

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13
Q

Type of drug that helps calm someone down.

Reduces symptoms of anxiety, worry, tension, fearfulness.

A

Anti-Dnxiety

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14
Q

Type of anti-anxiety.
Surpress central nervous system - mild sedation.
Can be very addictive with hard withdrawl.
In high dosages, used for capital punishment
Potent

A

Barbiturates

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15
Q 
Type of anti-anxiety
Not as addictive (but still addictive) 
Not as easy to over dose
Help one calm down/relax. 
Don't need to be taken all the time - don't interfere with functioning 
Insomnia
A

Benzodiazepines

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16
Q

Type of drug that reduce symptoms of mania. Effective in treating bi-polar disorder. Helps stabilize mood so it doesn’t fluctuate

A

Mood stabilizers

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17
Q

Type of drug that reduces symptoms of psychosis. Help reduce symptoms in people with schizophrenia like delusions and hallucinations

A

Anti-Psychotics

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18
Q

guided by the Pleasure Principal
Instinctual needs, drives and impulses
Sexual; fueled by libido (sexual energy)

A

Id

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19
Q

guided by Reality Principal

Seeks gratification, but guides us to know when we can or cannot express our wishes.

A

Ego

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20
Q

guided by Morality Principal
Conscience; unconsciously adopted from parents.
Adopts morals and values our parents hold.

A

Super Ego

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21
Q

Help to control unacceptable Id impulses.

A

Defense Mechanisms

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22
Q

Person avoids thinking about whatever it is.
By avoiding thinking about thought that was awful, avoiding thinking about it you don’t have to deal with anxiety. Unconscious.

A

Repression

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23
Q

Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

A

Denial

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24
Q

Rather than taking responsibility for negative thoughts, project those thought

A

Projection

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25
Q

try to come up with a more or less explanation for anxiety that you are feeling or an action you did that resulted in a negative outcome.

A

Rationalization

26
Q

take negative emotion and rather than projecting it on other target, put it on something else

A

Displacement

27
Q

Common defensive mechanism. When person retreats from upsetting conflict to earlier developmental stage

A

Regression

28
Q

Breast feeding, suckling (mouth)

if fixated: as adult, may be clingy and untrusting

A

Oral stage

29
Q

(18mnths-3yrs)
Child learning it can control bodily functions.
Sense of control and learns to operate within the confounds of society. Learns that there are limitations on behavior and have to operate within society rules
Fixation: slopey, messy
too early - child become anal retentive (controlled) rigid, not about to bend with rules, very orderly, no flexability.

A

Anal stage

30
Q

Genitals. Recognizes that girls look different from boys. Attention to difference.Interested in differences. Stage of exploration in child development

A

Phallic stage

31
Q

(5-12yrs)
Not a lot happens sexually. Child focused on going to school, growing, maturing.
Can’t really get fixated at this stage.

A

Latency

32
Q

(12yrs-adult)

Focus sexual pleasure on genitals. May enjoy anal stimulation, but focus is on genitals than other body areas.

A

Genital

33
Q

a technique in which the client is asked to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring anything. When you are not censoring your thoughts, thinks normally repressed/denied come out. Helps tell about self and what is going on in unconscious.

A

Free association

34
Q

Client refusing or goes out of way to avoid topics (not always conscious)

A

Resistance

35
Q

Client transfers feelings/emotions on therapist
Ex: client gets mad when therapist has to cancel for family emergency. If client had parent that was never there, may over-react

A

Transference

36
Q

Therapist transfers negative emotions onto client

Ex: client looks like sibling the therapist doesn’t like, may not treat them like other clients.

A

Countertransference

37
Q

the re-living of repressed feelings and emotions

Ex: punching something when mad

A

Catharsis

38
Q

The process of dealing with an issue until it not longer affects the person’s functioning (may take years)

A

Working through

39
Q

Animals learn to behave in a certain way as a result of receiving rewards or punishments whenever they do so

A

Operant Conditioning

40
Q

Behaviors which are followed by punishments are weakened, whereas behaviors which are followed by rewards are strengthened.

A

Law of Effect

41
Q

goal is to increase behavior

A

reinforcement

42
Q

goal is to decrease behavior

A

punishment

43
Q

occurs when a person observes the rewards or punishments that another person received whith those consequences.

A

Observational learning

44
Q

individuals learn responses by observing and repeating behavior. Process of identification, imitation. Don’t have consequences involved. Most likely to happen if person doing behavior is someone you identify yourself with.

A

Modeling

45
Q

Learning by temporal association
When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they become fused in a person’s mind; before long, the person responds in the same way to both events

A

Classical Conditioning

46
Q

always envokes unconditioned response

Eg: dog salivating to smell of meat

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

47
Q

the response that is evoked by the US (eg: salivating)

A

Unconditioned response (UR)

48
Q

a stimulus which does not naturally evoke a response

eg: light - just seeing light come on makes dog salivate

A

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

49
Q

the neutral stimulus, after main pairings with the US, comes to evoke the same response (CR) on its own
eg: light

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CD)

50
Q

involves pairing undesired behaviour with an aversive consequence
ex: Antabuse

A

Aversion therapy

51
Q

Teach body how to calm down and focus attention. Used for anxiety.

A

Relaxation exercises

52
Q

By repeatedly pairing a feared stimulus with a behavior that is incompatible with anxiety the client will learn a new association

1) client learns and practices relaxation exercises
2) create fear/exposure hierarchy
3) gradual exposure to fear stimulus

A

Systematic Desensitization

53
Q

extreme form of exposure therapy where the client presented with a feared stimulus and is unable to engage in avoidance behaviors

A

flooding

54
Q

Based on principals of operant conditioning
clients recieve small tokens that can be exchanged for bigger prizes when desired behavior is preformed.
used for children, schizophrenics

A

token economies

55
Q

involved rewarding small approximations of a desired behavior, until the desired behavior is performed in its entirety

A

Response Shaping

56
Q

based on information, processing model.
the goal of therapy is to help clients
The initial stages of therapy focus on helping client see the relationship between their thought patterns and their emotional responses to hem.
Subsequent stages focus on identifying and challenging errors in thinking

A

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (main model)

57
Q

Believes in the basic human need for unconditional positive regard.
If received, leads to unconditional self-regard.
If not, leads to “conditions of worth”

A

Rogers Humanistic Theory and Therapy

58
Q

therapist creates a supportive climate
Unconditioned positive regard
Accurate empathy
Genuineness

A

Roger’s “client-centered” therapy

59
Q

Abnormalitiy results from the interation of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social and societal influences

A

Biopsychosocial theroy

60
Q

assumes that in order to develop a mental disorder, an individual must have pre-existing vulnerability (diathesis) plus a trigger (stress)
Diathesis + Stress = Mental Illness.

A

Diathesis-stress Model of Mental Illness

Psych 3640 - Abnormal Behaviour (6 decks)

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