Chapter 2

Question 1

Sources of power for bureaucrats

Answer 1

1. Information
2. Discretion in interpretation (حرية التصرف). Being able to make special laws with what is suitable with every job despite the fact that the law is abstract.
3. Flexibility, as bureaucrats could still work even in the toughest conditions like a revolution is happening, you would find them in their offices.

Question 2

External factors and internal factors that gives bureaucrats power respecevitely.

Answer 2

External factors(opinions): shift in the public opinion (people support bureaucrats).

They gain support from clientele (interest), groups, members of the parliament, and executive.

Internal factors: information and expertise

Agency’s cohesion (aligning with the goals of the organization)

Effective leaders
* Hillary Clinton, secretary of Obama Administration, played a crucial role in Middle East due to her political experience (information)