CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
When and where did the tests and testing programs first came into being?
In China, 2200 BCE
True or False. In 195 b.c.e, the former system of selecting government officials mostly by heredity was replaced by a system of recommendation and
investigation.
False, 196 bce
In dynasties with state-sponsored examinations for official positions.
Imperial examination
He had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.
Christian von Wolff (1732, 1734)
He pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation.
Francis Galton
“the greatest man I have known”
Galton
The psychologist who is credited with coining the term “mental test” 1890
James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944)
The goal of the psychologiccal corporation was the
“advancement of psychology and the promotion of the useful applications of psychology.”
He is credited with originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.
Charles Spearman
They collaborated on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher
mental processes.
Victor Henri and Alfred Binet
He was an early experimenter with the word association technique as a formal test.
Psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin
He received his Ph.D. from Leipzig and went on to succeed Cattell as director of the psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania.
Lightner Witmer
He is cited as the “little-known founder of clinical psychology,” owing at least in part to his being challenged to treat a “chronic bad speller” in March of 1896
Witmer
In what -century testing that could be described as psychological in nature involved the measurement of sensory abilities, reaction time, and the like.
nineteenth-century
True or False. In early 1800s with the birth of the first formal tests of intelligence.
1900s
the measurement of abilities such as memory and social comprehension
The measurement of intelligence
It is designed to help identify Paris schoolchildren with intellectual disability (Binet & Simon, 1905).
(30-item) “measuring scale of intelligence”
For him, intelligence was “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment”
Wechsler
A natural outgrowth of the individually administered intelligence test devised by Binet was the _________intelligence test.
group
To disguise the true purpose of one such test, the questionnaire was labeled as a _____________
Personal Date Sheet (woodworth)
A personality test for civilian use that was based
on the Personal Data Sheet.
Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory.
It refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related
information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self monitoring thoughts or behaviors.
self-report
It is one in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.
Projective test
best known of all projective tests is the _______, a series of inkblots
Rorschach
Nineteenth-century
The measurement of intelligence
The measurement of personality
The academic and applied traditions
Two distinct threads in development of psychological measurement.
academic and applied traditions
It is is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work
of a particular population, community, or group of people”
Culture
He had been highly instrumental in getting Binet’s test adopted for use in various settings in the United States, was the chief researcher assigned to the project.
Henry H. Goddard
A tests designed for use with people from one culture but not from another, soon began to appear on the scene.
culture-specific tests
Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
Verbal communication
Nonverbal communication and behavior
Standards of evaluation
A theory of personality and psychological treatment developed by Sigmund Freud, symbolic significance is assigned to many nonverbal acts.
Psychoanalysis
It is (typically associated with the dominant culture in countries such as the United States and Great Britain) is characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness
Individualist culture
It is (typically associated with the dominant culture in many countries throughout Asia, Latin America, and Africa), value is placed on traits such as conformity, cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals
Collectivist culture
The person raised in a/an_____________ exhibits behavior that is “organized and made meaningful primarily by reference to one’s own internal repertoire of thoughts, feelings, and action, rather than by reference to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others”
individualist culture
People raised in a _______________ see themselves as
part of a larger whole, with much greater connectedness to others. And rather than seeing their own traits as stable over time and through situations, the person raised in a collectivist culture believes that “one’s behavior is determined, contingent on, and, to a large extent organized by what the actor perceives to be the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others in the relationship”
collectivist culture
What happens when groups systematically differ
in terms of scores on a particular test?
conflict
In _______ assessment, test users are sensitive to legal and ethical mandates concerning the use of tests with regard to hiring, firing, and related decision making.
vocational
It refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts
undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat
discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment
affirmative action
Tests and other tools of assessment are portrayed as instruments that can have a momentous and immediate impact on one’s life.
Psychology, tests, and public policy
These are rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.
Laws
a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.
ethics
“the standard of care,” recognized and accepted by members of a profession
code of professional ethics
the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.
Standard of care
formal testing programs designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education.
minimum competency testing programs
The primary objective of these laws was to give testtakers a way to learn the criteria by which they
are being judged.
Truth-in-testing legislation
A selection procedure whereby a fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds were selected.
Quota system
practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions.
discrimination
may be defined as the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.
reverse discrimination
refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome.
disparate treatment
refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome.
disparate impact
It can result in bringing an important and timely matter to the attention
of legislators, thus serving as a stimulus to the creation of new legislation.
Litigation
The Concerns of the Profession
Test-user qualifications
Testing people with disabilities
Computerized test administration, scoring, and interpretation.
Guidelines with respect to certain populations
three levels of tests and define each
Level A - can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation
Level B - require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields
Level C - require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices
APA Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychology published a report called ____
Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids.
The Rights of Testtakers
The right of informed consent
The right to be informed of test findings
The right to privacy and confidentiality
The right to the least stigmatizing label
