Chapter 2 Flashcards
The process of producing offspring.
Reproduction
Organ system by which humans reproduce and their live offspring.
Human Reproductive System
External sex organs.
Genitals
Sex characteristics that are present at birth.
Primary Sex Characteristics
The reproductive organs of human.
Gonads
The monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation or loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus in the absence of pregnancy.
Menstrual cycle
When a woman is under 20 years old pregnant she may experience _____________.
Obstructed Labor
Rolled over the penis. Has 80 to 85% effectiveness. It is low cost, easily accessible, and reduces risk of STDs or STIs
Condom
It releases hormones continuously and is 99% effective. It gives continuous birth control for 5 years.
Implant
It allows a woman to keep track of safe days for sex and is 85% effective but in reality about 60%. No cost and under the control of the woman.
Calendar rhythm method
Through this the passageway for the sperm or the egg is surgically tied. It is 100% effective but exceptions have been known to take place. Highly effective, permanent, and one time expense.
Surgical sterilization
It alters natural ovulation cycle. Theoretically it is 99 to 100% effective but women have conceived on the pill. Low cost, easily available, and controlled by the woman.
Pill
It prevents the semen from going into the vagina. It is 85% effective but in reality about 70%. No cost under the control of the man and woman involved.
Withdrawal
Is inserted inside the uterus by a doctor and is 95 to 98% effective. Long lasting and relatively inexpensive.
IUD
These are diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
When five definitions of sex are not consistent resulting in what is referred to as an _____________
Intersex or intersexed birth
Intersex can be caused by the abnormal complement of sex chromosome
Chromosomal Level Inconsistencies
Intersex can be caused by abnormal activities of hormones.
Hormonal Level Inconsistencies
The person appears to be a female because although it lacks ovaries it possesses some external female characteristics.
Turner’s Syndrome (X)
Another case of non-disjunction is a sperm produced with both and X and a Y chromosome or two Y chromosomes resulting in the XXY chromosome abnormalities.
Klinefelters Syndrome
A person with this chromosomal characteristic is an anatomical male with no physical abnormalities except for unusual height.
Jacob’s Syndrome
People born with this chromosomal characteristic are anatomically females and show few visible signs of abnormality, although they tend to be taller than XX females and have a slightly higher incidence of learning disorders
Triple X Syndrome
An XX fetus receives an excessive amount of androgens. Untreated females have normally functioning ovaries and normal internal female sexual organs but a masculinized external appearance. This can vary from a slightly in large clitoris to a nearly normal size penis with an empty scrotum.
Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS) or Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Fetuses that are chromosomally male with genitals that are ambiguous or that look more like a clitoris than a penis. It cannot be treated by administering androgen after birth because the cells remain incapable of responding to androgen. Results in female genitals including a shallow but non-functional vagina. Raised as girls they assume a female gender identity and thrive as females
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Chromosomally normal females exposed to excessive androgens. At birth genitals appear to be male. Corrected by minor surgery, most still reject a female gender identity with some assuming a male gender identity and behavior.
Fetally Androgenized Females
A hormone with powerful androgenic actions, causes the body to mature during puberty and is responsible for many of the physical characteristics associated with adult males.
Dihydrotestosterone
Males who cannot produce crucial DHT. Results in female appearing external genitals, at least initially. Typically raised as girls, they suddenly sprout into males at puberty.
DHT - Lacking Males
The growth of coarse, dark hair in areas where women typically grow fine hair or no hair at all: above the lip and on the chin, chest, abdomen, and back. Caused by an increased level of male hormones.
Hirsutism
Is what we think of a pre - wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors
Nature
Is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, the product of exposure life experiences and learning on an individual
Nurture
Sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.
Secondary sex characteristics
