Chapter 1 Flashcards
Biological and physiological differences between males and females as determined by nature.
Sex
Gonad of Male
Testes
Gonads of Females
Ovaries
Hormones of Male and Female
Testosterone and Estrogen
Internal Reproductive structures for male and female
Wolffian ducts and Mullerian duct system
Distinctive qualities of men and women, the masculinity and the feminity of an individual that are culturally created.
Gender
The phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior based on whether it conforms or not to the expectations relative to one’s biological sex.
Heteronormativity
Aspect of gender referring to the sense of who we are. How we see and experience ourselves such as as a man, a woman, or neither.
Gender Identity
Cases when a person’s biological sex does not align with one’s gender identity. May undergo gender reassignment surgery.
Transgender
Aspect of gender that pertains to our emotional and sexual attraction to a person.
Sexual Orientation
Are attracted to the opposite sex.
Heterosexuals
They are attracted to people of the same sex.
Homosexual
They are attracted to both sexes, male or female
Bisexual
In this era human societies have high regard for women. The concept of divine feminine or the sacredness of woman due to her ability to conceive children has prevailed – treated women equally with men.
Dawn of Civilizations
In this society men and women have equitable power and roles.
Egalitarian societies
It was presumed that in this era, humans discovered paternity or the fatherhood or role of the father in conception
Agricultural era
In this era, gender disparity was intensified
Industrial era
Patriarchy comes from the greek word _________ which means the rule of the father.
Patriarkhes
Only men can inherit property and family name
Patrilineal
This led to creating product surplus which allows people to have private property
Development of agriculture
They viewed women as inferior sex and are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands beer children and take care of the household.
Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers
They enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit property and engage in trade.
Egyptian women
They enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit property and engage in trade.
Egyptian women
It is a social system where men primarily holds power in the political and the private spheres.
Patriarchy
Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex.
Sexism
It challenge female heteronormativity. It sought to redefine femininity and saught to celebrate differences across race class and sexual orientations.
Third wave of women empowerment
Characterized by action based viral campaigns protest and movements advancing from the fringes of society into the headlines of our everyday news.
Fourth wave of women empowerment
This encompass far more issues such as pay equality, reproductive rights, female sexuality and domestic violence. It made some attempts to encompass racial justice but it remained a lesser priority than gender.
Second wave of women empowerment
The orientation on understanding social realities
Research approach
A field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and negotiated in the society through gender. Analyzing and examining society to notice power relations in the seemingly simple things.
Gender studies
This research approach focuses more in meanings created and interpretations made by people about their own personal or vicarious (observed) experiences.
Qualitative Approach
Conducting intensive interviews with individuals who have experienced a particular event and understanding their lived experience.
Phenomenology
Understanding the meaning of text or literally/artworks and what they convey about human realities.
Hermeneutics
Immersing in a community and taking note of their experiences beliefs, attitudes, and practices.
Ethnography and ethnomethodology
It is a research approach which focuses more on characterizing a population or a sample, making generalizations about the population based on the behavior of the sample.
Quantitative Approach
Collecting information from a sample
Survey
Creating actual setups to observe behavior of people in an experimental group and comparing it to the behavior of people in control group.
Experiment
Combining qualitative and quantitative methods to derive data from multiple sources
Mixed Methods
It is the process of investigating social realities
Social research
Researchers should make sure that the participants in the study are aware of the purpose and processes of the study they are participating in. Should ensure that only those participants who agree will be included and they shall not force any participant to join.
Informed consent
Researchers should not reveal any information provided by the participants, much so, their identity to anyone who are not concerned with the study.
Confidentiality and anonymity
A study should do no harm to anyone. Especially in researches involving humans, a study should be beneficial for it to be worth implementing.
Non-maleficence and beneficence
Making sure that people involved in the research are protected from harm
Ethical Principles
Any study should not disadvantage a particular group especially the marginalized and oppressed. The benefits of the study should be for all.
Distributive justice
Primarily characterized by the women’s suffrage movement and their championing of the woman’s right to vote.
First wave of women empowerment
