CHAPTER 2

Question 1

Genetic Code

Answer 1

All the information needed to direct the growth and development of this newly-formed person

Question 2

Sperm

Answer 2

The male reproductive cell

Question 3

Ovum

Answer 3

The female reproductive cell

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

The basic unit of genetic and hereditary information arranged into segments

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

An extremely complex molecule shaped like a spiral staircase (double helix), which if found in all chromosomes

Question 6

Mitosis

Answer 6

The process of creating new cells
Replication of cells
The nucleus and chromosomes duplicate themselves and then divide

Question 7

Meiosis

Answer 7

The process through which the sex cells divide

Question 8

Fertilization

Answer 8

The process by which an ovum and sperm fuse to form a single cell called a zygote, which contains 46 chromosomes

Question 9

Variation

Answer 9

The process of combining genes from the mother and father during fertilization increases genetic variation in offspring in a variety of ways

Question 10

Genotype

Answer 10

The unique collection of genetic material found within an individual
Contains susceptibility genes and longevity genes

Question 11

Susceptibility Genes

Answer 11

Increase the likelihood or chance of developing a particular disease or genetic condition because of the presence of one or more mutations on the gene itself

Question 12

Longevity Genes

Answer 12

Related to the aging process

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

Consists of the expressed genetic characteristics that are observable

Question 14

Mutated Genes

Answer 14

Permanently altered segments of DNA

Question 15

Dominant Genes

Answer 15

Always result in the appearance of a characteristic when paired with a recessive gene

Question 16

Recessive Genes

Answer 16

The only way in which a recessive characteristic is displayed in a phenotype is when it is paired with another recessive gene

Question 17

Sex-Linked Genes

Answer 17

The majority of genes that have undergone mutation appear to be recessive genes and are often inherited on the X chromosome

Question 18

Genetic Carrier

Answer 18

When a female may carry a mutated recessive gene but not express it

Question 19

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 19

The process that individuals inherit their characteristics from a variety of genes that interact at the same time (gene-gene interaction)

Question 20

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Answer 20

When the gamete is formed during fertilization and the number of chromosomes is different than the normal 46

Question 21

Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

Answer 21

When either an extra chromosome on the 23rd pair (either an X or a Y) or the absence of one X chromosome on the 23rd pair in females

Question 22

Klinefelter Syndrome (KS)

Answer 22

The most common type of sex-linked chromosomal abnormality found in males

Question 23

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 23

The leading cause of intellectual disability and autism among inherited disorders or syndromes

Question 24

Turner Syndrome

Answer 24

An uncommonly short stature and may include an extra fold of skin in the neck, swelling of the hands and feet, and kidney problems

Question 25

XYY Syndrome

Answer 25

Males with XYY syndrome are typically taller than the average male and appear to have higher mortality rates than the average male

Question 26

Identical Twins

Answer 26

Monozygotic

Question 27

Fraternal Twins

Answer 27

Dizygotic

Question 28

Behavioral Genetics

Answer 28

A field of study “that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development”

Question 29

Multifactorial Transmission

Answer 29

The process by which a phenotype is ultimately expressed as a result of the combined genetic and environmental factors that compose an individual’s genotype

Question 30

Genotype -> Environment Effect

Answer 30

The relative strengths of genetics and the environment are difficult to tease out because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience

Question 31

Passive Genotype -> Environment Correlations

Answer 31

Occurs when, in a biological family, parents provide both the genes and the environment to their children

Question 32

Evocative Genotype - Environment Correlations

Answer 32

Occurs when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment

Question 33

Active (Niche-Picking) Genotype -> Environment Effect

Answer 33

When people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics—also commonly known as niche-picking

Question 34

Genotype -> Environment Effects Over Time

Answer 34

Environment occurs throughout the lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood

Question 35

Shared Environmental Experiences

Answer 35

Any combination of factors that affect all siblings

Question 36

Nonshared Environmental Experiences

Answer 36

Exclusive happenings that impact an individual within a family that are ultimately not shared with another family member

Question 37

Cilia

Answer 37

The tiny hair-like follicles that help move the ovum

Question 38

Endometrium

Answer 38

The Uterus Lining

Question 39

Zygote

Answer 39

A one-celled organism that forms when the sperm and ovum fuse

Question 40

Implantation

Answer 40

The demarcation point of when the zygote becomes an embryo

Question 41

Placenta

Answer 41

The organ that carries nutrients and oxygen to the baby

Question 42

Exoderm

Answer 42

The outermost layer of the embryonic disk

Question 43

Endoderm

Answer 43

The innermost layer of the embryonic disk

Question 44

Fetal

Answer 44

The longest and final stage of pregnancy

Question 45

Postpartum

Answer 45

The stage following delivery/birth