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HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson

A

Psychosocial Theories

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2
Q

Watson, Skinner, Bandura, Pavlov

A

Learning Theories

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3
Q

Piaget and Bandura

A

Cognitive Theories

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4
Q

Vygotsky

A

The Sociocultural Theory

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5
Q

Maslow and Rogers

A

Humanistic Theories

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6
Q

Darwin

A

Evolutionary Theory

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7
Q

Bronfenbrenner

A

Human Ecology

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8
Q

Psychosocial Theory (Eight Stages)

A

1) Infancy - Trust vs Mistrust
2) Early Childhood - Initiative vs Guilt
3) Preschool - Initiative vs Guilt
4) School Age - Industry vs Inferiority
5) Adolescence - Identity vs Diffusion
6) Young Adulthood - Intimacy vs Isolation
7) Middle Adulthood - Generativity vs Stagnation
8) Maturity - Integrity vs Despair

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9
Q

Behaviorism (Learning Theory)

A

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Theory

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10
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Process by which an individual learns to respond to a neutral stimulus in a very particular way

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11
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Process by which a behaviour or voluntary response is gradually learned via its association with positive or negative consequences

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12
Q

Reinforcement (OC)

A

Process by which a behaviour is followed by a stimulus that increases the likelihood of that behaviour to continue in the future

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13
Q

Punishment (OC)

A

Process by which a behaviour is followed by a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of that behaviour to continue in the future

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14
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Emphasizes learning by the observation of others

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15
Q

Cognitive Theory (4 Stages of Development)

A

0-2 - Sensorimotor - Direct Interaction
2-6 - Preoperational - Egocentric
6-12 - Concrete-operational - Logical view of the world
12-? - Formal-operational - Capable of abstract thinking

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16
Q

Schema

A

The way someone approaches life

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17
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Guided participation, scaffolding, zone of proximal development.

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18
Q

Scaffolding

A

Process by which learning takes place

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19
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Place that lies between what an individual can accomplish with help and without help

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20
Q

Guided Participation

A

Process by which a mentor helps a less-skilled person learn

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21
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

Every human possesses the potential for greatness
People are born inherently good

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22
Q

Two Prominent Humanistic Psychologists

A

Maslow and Rogers

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23
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

5 - Self-actualization
4 - Self-esteem
3 - Love and Belonging
2 - Safety and Security
1 - Physiological Needs

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24
Q

Rogers

A

Father of Client-Centered Counseling

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25
Evolutionary Theory
Darwin
26
Ecological Theory
Bronfenbrenner Viewed an individual’s development as being the epicenter of the simultaneous influence of five interacting systems
27
Five Interacting Systems
1) Microsystem 2) Mesosystem 3) Exosystem 4) Macrosystem 5) Chronosystem
28
1) Microsystem
The everyday interaction's of an individual's immediate environment
29
2) Mesosystem
The connection of an individual's two or more microsystems
30
3) Exosystem
The connection of two or more systems - one of the systems do not directly contain the individual
31
4) Macrosystem
The broader cultural influences of society on an individual
32
5) Chronosystem
The underlying influence of time on an individual
33
Qualitative Research
An interpretive and naturalistic method of research that relies on an individual’s perception and understanding of experience
34
Quantitative Research
A research method that examines numerical data used to represent relationships among and within individuals
35
Data Collection (Three types)
Observation Surveys Interviews
36
Observation
The scientific, systematic, and interpretive process that details the what, whom, when and where of what we see
37
Survey
An instrument or questionnaire that is designed to capture quantitative data that details people’s self-reported attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
38
Interview
Process by which data is captured by talking to the individual directly
39
Descriptive Research Method
To observe, record, and describe a phenomenon, behavior, or characteristic of a population
40
Correlation Research Method
Attempts to predict the behavior of individuals by describing the strength of the relationship between two or more behaviors, characteristics, or events
41
Correlation Coefficient
A numerical value used to describe the degree of association between the two characteristics in a relationship
42
Correlation Negative and Positive Numbers
The higher the number, the stronger the association
43
Experimental Research Method
Attempts to determine causality through rigorous scientific procedures involving independent and dependent variables
44
Independent Variable
Manipulated aspect of a study
45
Dependent Variable
Measured outcome of a study, whose change is a result of the independent variable
46
Randomized Experimental Design
Participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group and an independent variable is actively manipulated
47
Quasi-Experiment Design
The same as RED but the participants are not randomly assigned
48
Random Assignment
All participants have an equal opportunity of being assigned to either the treatment or control group, and their assignment is based purely upon chance
49
Informed Consent
The process through which participants are provided with information about the study as they decide whether or not they want to participate or continue participating
50
Debriefing
The act of informing participants of the study’s purpose and the methods that were used in the study
51
Deception
The deliberate withholding of information relevant to a study in order to assure that participants’ behavior is not altered due to their knowledge of the study beforehand
52
Lifespan Perspective
Emphasizes that development is lifelong and involves the simultaneous growth and change within and throughout an individual’s biological, social, spiritual, and cognitive domains.
53
Paul Bates - 7 Aspects of the Lifespan Perspective
1) Development is Lifelong 2) Development is Multidimensional 3) Development is Multidirectional 4) Development is Plasticity 5) Development is Contextual 6) Development involves an individual's growth across and within various domains 7)Development is a combination of various factors, including culture, biology, and individuality
54
Three different types of Influences
Normative Age-Graded Normative History-Graded Normative Life Events
55
Biological Development
Physical Changes in an individual
56
Cognitive Development
Changes within an individual’s language, thought process, and overall intelligence
57
Socio-Emotional Development
Changes within an individual's social environment
58
Stability VS Change
Examines whether humans remain the same throughout lifespan or whether they eventually develop into someone different from who they were as children
59
Nature VS Nurture
Examines whether development is influenced by a person’s genetic background or the environment
60
Continuity vs Discontinuity
Examines whether developmental changes occur gradually or abruptly

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (3 decks)

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