chapter 2 Flashcards
One-dimensional vs. multidimensional models
A “one-dimensional model” explains a phenomenon by focusing on a single factor or variable, while a “multidimensional model” considers multiple factors and their interactions to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a complex issue, often highlighting how different aspects influence each other
Genetic contributions to psychopathology
Genetic contributions to psychopathology refer to the role that inherited genes play in the development of mental disorders
Diathesis-stress model
a psychological theory that explains how a combination of genetics and environmental factors can lead to mental illness
Gene-environment correlation model
A “gene-environment correlation model” describes the phenomenon where an individual’s genetic makeup influences the type of environment they are exposed to
The central and peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves that branch out from the CNS to the rest of the body
The neuron
A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body.
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, glands, and muscle cells.
Hind brain
The hindbrain (developmentally derived from the rhombencephalon) is one of the three major regions of our brains, located at the lower back part of the brain. It includes most of the brainstem and a dense coral-shaped structure called the cerebellum. The brainstem is one of the most important parts of the entire central nervous system, because it connects the brain to the spinal cord and coordinates many vital functions, such as breathing and heartbeat.
Limbic system
The limbic system is a group of interconnected brain structures that help regulate your emotions and behavior. The structures (also known as components or parts) of the limbic system work together with other brain regions by processing your memory, thoughts and motivations, then tell your body how to respond.
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, made up of gray matter and nerve cells. It’s responsible for many higher brain functions, including memory, thinking, and consciousness.
Agonist and antagonist substances
Agonists and antagonists are chemical substances that bind to receptors in the body, causing different effects. Agonists mimic the actions of neurotransmitters or hormones, while antagonists block the actions of agonists
Learned helplessness
Learned helplessness is a psychological state where someone feels they have no control over their situation and stops trying to change it.
Social learning
Social learning is the process of learning new behaviors by observing and imitating others
Cultural factors in psychopathology
Cultural factors in psychopathology refer to how a person’s cultural beliefs, values, social norms, and identity can influence how they experience, interpret, and express mental health issues, shaping their perception of what is considered “normal” behavior and impacting their willingness to seek help for mental distress
Gender effects
The gender effect is the influence of gender on people’s behavior, perceptions, and opportunities
Life-span development
Lifespan development is the study of how people grow and change throughout their lives.
Global incidence of psychological disorders
Mental disorders affect a large portion of the world’s population, and are a leading cause of health loss. In 2019, 970 million people, or 1 in 8 people, were living with a mental disorder
