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Chemistry 2500 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

anatomy of organic molecules

1
Q

what is the source of chemical behavior and physical properties for molecules

A

structure of organic molecules

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2
Q

is it likely that molecules without similar structures will have similar properties

A

no - similar structures would have similar properties

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3
Q

what is beneficial about line structures

A

emphasize the parts that contribute to reactivity and physical properties

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4
Q

what part of a organic compound does NOT participate in chemical reaction

A

hydrocarbon chain (main chain)

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5
Q

what part of a organic compound does participate in chemical reactions

A

functional groups

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6
Q

are the c-c sigma and c-h bonds strong or weak

A

strong

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7
Q

are the c-c and c-h bonds of hydrocarbon chain easy to break

A

NO

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8
Q

what are saturated carbons

A

molecules with only single bonds and no rings (have max number of Hs allowed)

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9
Q

what are unsaturated molecules

A

molecules that have either a ring or double/triple bonds (do not have max hydrogens possible)

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10
Q

what are functional groups

A

groups of one or more atoms whose structure confers a particular pattern of reactivity

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11
Q

what two main features identify functional groups

A
  1. pi bonds
  2. heteroatoms
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12
Q

four types of hydrocarbon functional groups

A

alkanes
alkenes
alkynes
aromatics

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13
Q

what are physical properties of a substance determined by

A

the distribution of electrons about the molecule

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14
Q

what does distributions of electrons generate between organic molecules

A

intermolecular forces

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15
Q

what properties do IMFs impart on the molecule

A
  1. melting point
  2. boiling point
  3. solubility
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16
Q

what are the 4 IMFs

A
  1. electrostatic repulsion
  2. hydrogen bonding
  3. dipole dipole
  4. London forces
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17
Q

what results in intermolecular forces

A

charge interactions

( opposites attract and like charges repel)

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18
Q

what region of one molecule is attracted to the positive region of another? negative region?

A

positive attracts negative region

negative region attracts positive region

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19
Q

what do strength of IMFs depend on

A
  1. number of charges involved
  2. size of charges involved
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20
Q

what binds molecules more tightly together (stronger IMFs)

A

larger charges or more interactions

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21
Q

what leads to weaker IMFs

A

smaller charges or fewer interactions

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22
Q

where does electrostatic repulsion take place

A

between functional groups that have full formal charges

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23
Q

what is the strongest type of IMF

A

electrostatic repulsion

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24
Q

does electrostatic result in ionic or covalent structures

A

ionic

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25
type of IMF
electrostatic interactions
26
why do dipole dipole reactions result
due to attractive forces between partial negative and partial positive dipoles in a molecule
27
when are dipoles possible
when there is a significant electronegativity difference between atoms
28
what is a special type of dipole dipole bond
hydrogen bonding
29
when does hydrogen bonding occur
when very electronegative atoms (O,F,N) are bonded to hydrogen atoms
30
type of IMF
hydrogen bonding
31
what is the electron donor in hydrogen bonding
oxygen
32
what is the electron acceptor in hydrogen bonding
hydrogen
33
type of IMF
dipole dipole bonding
34
why does London forces IMF form
result of small temporary dipoles induced in each molecule by the other
35
does London forces exist on only some molecules
NO - exists in all
36
type of IMF
london dispersion
37
what is the strongest dipole dipole IMF
hydrogen bonding
38
what is the weakest IMF
london dispersion
39
what does the strength of london dispersion IMF depend on
1. amount of surface area contact between groups involved
40
does a greater IMF in molecules lead to easier or harder molecules to break
HARDER to break
41
describe how IMFs affect separation and energy in molecules
strong IMFs = hard to break molecules apart = more energy to break apart weak IMFs = easy to break molecules apart = less energy to break apart
42
do stronger IMFs mean a higher or lower melting/boiling point
higher melting/boiling point
43
what increases boiling point when London forces is dominant IMF
larger surface areas and many contact points = higher melting/boiling point
44
do longer chains mean high or low boiling/melting point
higher boiling/melting point
45
do branching chains mean higher or lower boiling/melting point
lower = less surface area
46
do rings mean higher or lower boiling/melting point
much higher = rings pack together and increase IMFs
47
what strengths the dipole dipole interactions
greater polarity of functional groups
48
does having more polar functional groups mean higher or lower boiling/melting point
higher (they increase)
49
what IMF has a large influence on boiling/melting point
electrostatic interactions
50
what governs the solubility of a molecule
the type and strength of IMFs between the SOLVENT and the SOLUTE
51
three types of families for organic molecules
1. polar protic solvents 2. polar aprotic solvents 3. non polar solvents
52
what IMF makes polar protic solvents
hydrogen bond DONORS
53
what IMF makes polar aprotic solvents
strong dipoles, HYDROGEN BOND ACCEPTORS
54
what IMF makes non polar solvents
London forces
55
what is the general rule for solubility
like dissolves like (similar IMFS dissolve each other)
56
will a polar solvent likely dissolve non polar molecule
NO - are not alike
57
will a polar solvent dissolve a polar molecule
YES - are alike
58
examples of polar protic solvents
59
what type of solvent is water
polar protic solvent
60
what are examples on non-polar solvents
61
what are examples of polar aprotic solvents
62
are the majority of organic molecules soluble in water
NO
63
what are non polar molecules known as
hydrophobic (water fearing)
64
what are polar molecules known as
hydrophilic (water loving)
65
what increases solubility of molecules
having more polar groups
66
what governs the degree a compound dissolves in water
the relative proportion of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
67
increasing what region of a compound increases solubility? decreases solubility?
increase polar functional group = increase solubility increase non-polar functional group = decrease solubility
68
are branched molecules more or less soluble than non branched molecules
more soluble
69
why are branched molecules more soluble
because the branching creates less surface area = meaning water can hydrogen bond with itself
70
are charged molecules often soluble? why?
yes = often interact with water by electrostatic interactions (very soluble)

Chemistry 2500 (5 decks)

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