Chapter 1 Flashcards
carbon and its compounds
how many bonds does stable carbon have
4
how many bonds mean carbon is neutral
4
how many bonds and/or lone pairs does NITROGEN make
3 bonds, 1 lone pair
how many bonds and/or lone pairs does OXYGEN make
2 bonds, 2 lone pairs
how many bonds and/or lone pairs do HALOGENS make
1 bond, 3 lone pairs
what is a heteroatom
any atom that is NOT carbon or hydrogen
where should NEGATIVE charges be placed in lewis structures
on the more electronegative atom
where should POSITIVE charges be placed in Lewis structures
less electronegative atoms
what type of bonds should be avoided when forming Lewis structures
o-o bonds AND halogen-heteroatom bonds
what forms covalent bonds
bonds share 2 electrons between atoms and arise from overlap of orbitals
sigma bonds form through
constructive interference
where is the greatest likelihood of finding shared electrons in sigma bonds
along the axis between the nuclei
where is the greatest likelihood of finding shared electrons in pi bonds
above or below the axis between nuclei
is there a chance of finding electron density in a node
NO
what happens to orbitals in antibonding pi bonds
the orbitals start to bend away from each other
what accounts for bond diploes
differences in electronegativity between atoms
what does high electronegativity mean
more electron density = atoms attract more electrons
what does low electronegativity mean
less electron density = less attraction for electrons
partial positive charge means what
less electron density = less electronegativity
partial negative charge
more electron density = more electronegativity
describe atom electronegativities in vector notation
cross = less electronegative
arrow = more electronegative
what does a longer vector in a diagram mean for electronegativity
strong dipole between atoms
3 possible structures for covalently bonded carbon
- liner
- trigonal planar
- tetrahedral
describe steric number, and bond length for LINEAR geometry
steric number = 2
geometry = 180 degrees
