Chapter 2 Flashcards
- The amount of radiation actually received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms such as:
- Entrance skin exposure (ESE), which includes skin and glandular dose
- Bone marrow dose
- Gonadal dose
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
- Which of the following processes is the foundation for imaging of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue?
A. lonization
B. Linear acceleration
C. Particle emission
D. Radioactive decay
Why are the long-term effects, such as an increased incidence of cancer in the exposed population living near Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant, unable to be accurately determined?
A. After the tsunami, winds carried all the radiation back out to sea.
B. It was extremely difficult to measure the amounts of radiation people received.
C. Radiation from the crippled reactors was negligible.
D. Radiation levels exceeded the reading scales on the instruments used to measure population exposure.
- According to the most recent available data from
2016, what is the radiation dose from natural background radiation attributed to exposure from radon and thoron?
A. 0.3 mSv
B. 1.5 mSv
C. 2.3 mSv
D. 5.5 mSv
- Which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation?
A. Medical x-radiation and cosmic radiation
B. Radioactive elements in the crust of the Earth and in the human body
C. Radioactive elements in the human body and a diagnostic x-ray machine
D. Radioactive fallout and environs of atomic energy plants
- An equivalent dose as low as 250 mSv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days?
A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.
B. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body’s primary defense against disease.
C. A drop immediately to zero in the lymphocyte count.
D. A large increase in the number of platelets.
- An equivalent dose as low as 250 mSv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days?
A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.
B. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body’s primary defense against disease.
C. A drop immediately to zero in the lymphocyte count.
D. A large increase in the number of platelets.
- How is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing received?
A. It is received all at once within a short period of time after such a test.
B. It is received in large quantities within a period of 2 years after such a test.
C. It is not received all at once but instead is delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates.
D. No fallout from such testing is ever received.
- As of 2016, which of the following is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose from medical, human-made, and natural radiation?
A. 1.5 mSv per year
B. 2.3 mSv per year
C. 3.1 mSv per year
D. 5.5 mSv per year
- The Russian liquidators who worked during 1986 and 1987 at the Chernobyl power complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of:
- Breast cancer cases
- Leukemia cases
- Prostate cancer cases
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
- Which of the following is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power accident?
A. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in adults
B. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in children
C. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in adults
D. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents
Radiation is the emission of energy in the form of __, passing through __.
Form of electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, beta particles, etc.),
passing through space from one location to another.
is always present in the environment.
Natural radiation
Human-made, or artificial, radiation is created
by humans for specific goals.
To study radiation protection, the electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into two categories:
ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation.
X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet radiation with an energy greater than __ are classified as ionizing radiations.
10 eV
X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet radiation with an energy greater than 10 eV are classified as ___.
ionizing radiations
Low-energy ultraviolet radiation with energy less than 10 eV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves are classified as
nonionizing radiations.
Energy transfer through the process of ionization is used to
create medical images. However, it is also the mechanism of potential biological harm for the patient.
Alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and protons are
particulate radiations. They vary in their ability to penetrate matter.
Radiation absorbed dose is usually measured in units of
Gray (Gy) and commonly specified in fractions
of a Gray, namely centigray (1 cGy = .01 Gy) or
milligray (1 mGy = .001 Gy).
takes into account the type of radiation that was absorbed. It provides an overall dose value that includes the different degrees of tissue interaction that could be caused by the different types
of radiation.
Equivalent dose (EqD)
The millisievert (1 mSv = .001 Sv) is the
most commonly used measure of equivalent dose.
enables the calculation of the effective dose.
equivalent dose
is intended to be the best estimate of overall harm that might be produced by a given dose of radiation in human tissue. It takes into account both the type of radiation and the part of the body irradiated.
The effective dose (ED)
The millisievert (mSv) is also the unit of measure for the effective dose.
lonizing radiation produces electrically charged particles that can cause
biologic damage on molecular, cellular, and organic levels in humans.
Sources of ionizing radiation may be
natural or human-made.
Natural sources include radioactive materials in the
crust of the Earth, cosmic rays from the sun and beyond the solar system
__ from radionuclides deposited in humans through natural processes, and __ in the environment.
internal radiation and terrestrial radiation
Human-made sources include consumer products containing.
radioactive material, nuclear fuel, atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plant accidents whatever their origin, and medical radiation from diagnostic x-ray machines and radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine procedures
Although there has not been much change in the amount of natural background radiation to the US population since 1987, there have been significant increases in the amount of radiation exposure resulting from.
increased usage of medical imaging procedures, such as CT scanning, cardiac nuclear medicine exami-nations, and interventional fluoroscopic procedures
The most recently available data show that __ of natural background radiation exposure comes primarily from the gaseous radionuclide, radon, and to a much lesser degree from the radionuclide thoron.
2.3 mSv
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers __ to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.
radon
The recommended action limit for radon in homes is
4 pCi/L of air.
As of 2016 natural background radiation in the United States results in an estimated average annual individual EqD of
3.1 mSv.
Human-made radiation exposure contributes about __ to the average annual radiation exposure per person in the United States as of 2016.
0.1 mSv
The total average annual EqD from the natural back-ground, medical, and human-made radiations combined as of 2016 is about
5.5 mSv.
continues to be the main adverse health effect of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident.
Thyroid cancer
The amount of ionizing radiation actually received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms such as entrance skin exposure
(ESE) which includes skin and glandular exposure, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose. In pregnant women, fetal dose also may be estimated.
