CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Treaty of
Brest - Litovsk
Ended Russia’s involvement in WWI
Russia had to give up land
to Germany to focus on
wester front and gave lots of
resources
Treaty of versailles
(GOALS)
France: prevent future aggression from Gemany, heavy financial reporations
Britain: Damage Germany but not harshly on economics bc they
had trade with Germany
USA: promote peace and prevent future conflicts (they didn’t loose territory or money from the war
treary of Versailles
(TERMS)
-Territory loss
-army limited to max of 100,000 troops no tanks aircraft or submarine max 6 battleships
-war guilt clause
war guilt clause
Assigned full responsibility for world wor I to hermany and its alies, justiffing reporations ( post-war resentment in Germany)
Reparations
payments imposed on Germany by the treaty of versailles for war damages during WWl
League of Nations
worldwide organisation that aimed to maintain
world peace.
(Britain, France, Italy, Japon)
The successor States
a newly formed state whose tentory and population were previously under the Control of another
Stat.
- Treaty of Saint- Germain
- Treaty of Neuilly
- Treaty of sévres
- Treaty of Trianon
- Austria
- Bulgaria
3.Turkey - Hungary
John Maynard Keynes
Economist that predicted that horsh reparations nowd lead to inflation ond hurt everyonés economy.
Treaty of London
secret agreement with Itally and the flies that promised
Italy territorial gains.
( They were betrayed and didnt receive all promised (lands) It fuelled
Fascism.
Red/ whie teror
Red tenor: violence by bolshevires targetting political enemies
White terror: Violence by anti-communist forces against
revolutionaries.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy
from 1922- 1943.
He led taly into WWll with
Nazi Germany.
Executed . in .1945
Facism
Political ideology that promotes nationalism, authoratarianim,
Supremacy of the state over individual rights.
(centralized, dictatorial government )
US isolationism
US policy of avoiding involvement in international Conflicts. Focused on Staying out of league of Nortions aswell.
Bolsheviks
Revolutionary socialist group in Russia led by Lenin. They established a communist government ., Sparking the Russian Civil war. Caused Soviet
Union 1922.
Inflation
(German hyper inflation)
German mark lost Value, causing prices to soar.
- Causes: WWl reparations
- overprinting money
- Ruhr Occupation
Lead to: poverty, political unrest
Ruhr Crisis
when france & Belgium occupied
Germany’s Ruhr region (industrial)
- reason: Seize coal for reparation
workers refused to work
- Effected Germany’s economy
- fuelled inflation
Corfu Incident
Italy’s occupation of Greek island of Corfu after four Italians were killed. Greece appealed to league of Nations but they didn’t punish Italy.
- paid compensation
→ Showed that League of
Nations. nere weak
Washington Conference:
- Four pover Treaty
- Five power Treary
- Nine power Treaty
washington Conference
purpose: Prevent Naval arms race and promote pacific peace
Significance: First international arms control conference, hosted by USA.
four-power Treaty
- US
- Britain
- France
- Japan
Agreements:
- All members
respect right of other countries
Reason: Replace anglo- Japanese Alliance prevent conflict
Effectiveness:
- Reduce tension
- Encourage diplomatic
Solutions over
military action leaned strong enforcement
Five power Treaty
- US
- Italy
- Britain
- Japon
- Fronce
Agreements made:
-Japan reduce navy
-Western countries limited naval base near Japan
-limit weight of all their ships
Benefits:
-reduce navy Western countries
-reduce tensions
-all countries seeking trade with china
Consequences:
No effective way to check if countries followed the rules
Nine power Treaty
- France
- Britain
- Belgium portugal.
- Netherlands -USA
- Japan
-china.
Agreements:
-Support open door policy
-equal trade rights
Reasons:
Reduce imperial ambitions maintain stability in China
Effectiveness/consequences:
-Failed to prevent long term aggression
-support Chinese territorial integrity
Genoa Conference
-Britain
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Soviet Union
purpose:
address economic Issues in Europe
Agreements:
they achieved nothing
Reasons:
U.S. still doing isolation policy
outcome:
US still doing isolation policy.
Rapallo Pact
- Germany
- Russia
Purpose:
reestablish diplomatic relations
Agreements:
Both agreed to drop financial/ territorial claims against each other from WWl
Reasons:
they were both isolated
Germany - reparations
Russia- communism
They established beneficial partnership ships and threatened the western powers
Treaty of Lausanne
-japan
-Greece
-Turkey
-Britain
-France
-Italy
Purpose:
replace they treaty of severes
Agreements:
-Turkey independence
-claims to ottoman territories
-no longer pay reparations
Reasons:
Greece objected to the treaty of sevres
-stop national movement in turkey
Effectiveness:
Turkey was first country to change the pons peace settlement (significance)
Comintern
Organization found by Russia to promote global communist parties worldwide, heightening anti-communist tension
Red scare
The red scare was a period of intense U.S. anti- communist paranoia, with widespread suspicion and persecution of legend communist, especially in the 1920s and 1950s
Daws Plan
conference to discuss economic problems in europe during post-won period.
1. withaw French troops in Ruhr
2. payments → what Germany can afford yearly
3. Germany’s national bank supervised by other countries
4. Recieved loon from US to recover (Germany’s economy.
- French policy less harsh on Germany
Locarno confrence
Agreement:
respect borders and take no militery action unless defensive.
The treaty of Mutual Guarantee:
Britain & Italy would assist if any country feu victim against the treaty. Britain agreed to aid frence if Germany attacked (Frerch security)
Others:
-U.S. joined League of Nations
-Germany agreed to treaty of hersaile
-mussaini gained trust
-French and Germany relations improved
Weakness: no grantees for Germany’s border with Poland and Czechoslovakia
Kellogg brand pact
Agreement: renounced war and settle disputes peacefully
France: protection from German aggression
Germany: trust from USSR and japan
Weakness: no indication of steps taken if the agreement was broken (worthless)
USA: only signed for self defense and not war against nations that outlaw the pact
60 nations signed
The young plan
US suggested bc they would never yet their loons back from Germany bc of the harsh reparations
-German reparations : 6.6 pound to 2 billion pound
-control of German banks returned
-French willing to compromise
-France & Britain realized German reparations depended on US loons
French only accepted bc of international pressure
League of Nations 1
Aims:
- Prevent future wars.
- administer peace settlements.
- Promote international cooperation
1.promote disarmament
• Aborish secret diplomacy
• Arbitration
.collective security
- Arrange plebiscites
. Organize mandates
League of Nations 2
3.Establish international organizations.
•provide loon to new countries.
.encourage education
• improvement in public heatth
.Resettling refugees
Structure: General Assembly - decide general policy and new members and finences. The council
weakness:
unanimous, members missing formed by victorious nations (biased) they would always be integer of themselves
permanent members:
Britain, Frence, Italy, japan
League of Nations disputes (successful resolutions)
Teschen 1920
Teschen is the most wealthiest and industrialized region of Austro-Hungarian Empire.
-Both Czechoslovakia and Poland wanted it.
The league split the region for both countries.
The Aland islands 1921
Population spoke swedish, but w belong to Finland since 1900s.
•The island wanted to be part of Sweden
• The league gave it to Finland.
Sweden’s response:
-The population desired it
-Finlend is the aggressor state
not in line with “self-determination”
- Shake the confidence that countries. will. Rely on the league of Nations
- Islanders will continue to seek justice
Upper Silesia
Importent industrial region Germany or Poland
The League divided the orea between Germany & poland
Yugoslavia-Albania
border dispute
There was an open warfere between Yugoslavia & Albania
-followed by border disputes
-Yugoslav troops entered Albania
- The L of N was in favor of Albania
L Troops withdrawed.
Memel
Lithuania invaded the port of Memel, placed under control of LofN in the Treaty of versailles.
The League gave the area Surrounding to Lithuania but kept the port itself an “international zone”
Mosul
Mosul was a Turkish lond before being mandated to Iraq
-Turkey wanted it back be oil was discovered there.
The league was in favor of Iraq
Vilna & Treaty of Riga
( unsuccessful resolutions )
Vilna-capital of Lithuania (polish populaction)
↳ polond invaded it, withdrew troops
second invasion (League did nothing)
BC poland was in allied side, Frence & Briterin disagreed (unanimous)
Treaty of Riga
porond invading Russian territay League took no action be:
↳ Russia was not a menber
communist govn.
The treaty gronted poland Russian teritory
League of Nations Agencies
International Labour Organization
- improve working conditions
- establish minimum wage levels
- introduce old-age pensions
Health Organization
- research on diseases
- introduce, vaccines
