chapter 2

Question 1

acquiescent response bias

Answer 1

The tendency for participants to agree or respond “yes” to all questions regardless of their actual opinions

Question 2

assent

Answer 2

A person’s affirmative permission to take part in a research study. In cases of decisional impairment, assent must be obtained in addition to informed consent

Question 3

beneficence

Answer 3

A concept of research ethics whereby researchers strive to do ‘good’ in a research study

Question 4

case study

Answer 4

An in-depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual

Question 5

causality

Answer 5

The understanding that one variable directly affects another variable

Question 6

confederate

Answer 6

A person who is acting as a participant, but in reality, is another researcher

Question 7

confounding variable

Answer 7

Other variables that may influence one or both variables that we are measuring, thereby influencing the correlation coefficient

ex. ice cream and homicides are positively correlated because of an increase in temp

Question 8

correlation

Answer 8

A measure (denoted as r) that captures the direction and strength of a relationship between variables

Question 9

debriefing

Answer 9

Information provided to participants about what the researcher was investigating and how their participation will contribute to the research question

Question 10

deception

Answer 10

The act of withholding information about the purpose and procedures of the study during the informed consent process

Question 11

decisional impairment

Answer 11

Instances that diminish a potential participant’s capacity to provide informed consent

Question 12

descriptive statistics

Answer 12

Statistical information that describes a dataset, including frequencies, measures of central tendency such as mean, median, mode, and also measures of variability including range, variance, and standard deviation

Question 13

ecological validity

Answer 13

The extent to which research findings in the lab can be generalized to the real world

Question 14

eligibility criteria

Answer 14

The combination of inclusion and exclusion criteria to create a set of characteristics shared by all participants that ensure that those participating will meaningfully help to address the research question

Question 15

exclusion criteria

Answer 15

An attribute of a person that would prevent them from participating research study

Question 16

external validity

Answer 16

Whether the results from a study can be applied beyond the scope of the original study

ex. apply to other settings, other people, and other time periods

Question 17

fidelity

Answer 17

The ethical principle of developing trusting relationships between researchers and participants

Question 18

field experiments

Answer 18

An experiment that takes place in ‘real-world’ settings in which a researcher manipulates and controls the conditions of the behavior under observation

Question 19

illusory superiority

Answer 19

The tendency to describe our own behavior as better than average

Question 20

inclusion criterion

Answer 20

An attribute of participants that is necessary to be a part of a research study

Question 21

informed consent

Answer 21

The process by which research participants learn about and understand the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of participating in a research study

Question 22

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 22

A committee of independent people who review and assess whether a research project will be carried out in a way that is consistent with general ethical principles