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psych 111 > chap 1 vocab > Flashcards

chap 1 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the study of the psyche, or soul (psyche = “breath, soul, spirit” and logia = “the study of) OR the scientific study of both behavior and mind

union of philosophy and physiology

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2
Q

tabula rasa

A

blank state mind - experience develops and helps us learn

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3
Q

dualism

A

mind and body are separate entities

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4
Q

aristotle

A

one of the first recorded formal thinkers on the philosophy of the mind, wrote “De Amina” (On the Soul), introduced tabula rasa

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5
Q

empiricism

A

the view that knowledge arises directly from what we observe and experience

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6
Q

mind

A

the contents of conscious experience - includes sensations, perceptions, thoughts, emotions

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7
Q

behavior

A

any observable action - includes words, gestures, and responses - that can be repeated and measured and can be affected by a situation to produce or remove some outcome

also refers to biological activity

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8
Q

basic research

A

work done by psychologists to understand the fundamental principles of behavior and mind - how and why?

mostly conducted on healthy “normal” people

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9
Q

abnormal psychology

A

Understanding how and why unusual and maladaptive behavioral, emotional, and thought patterns develop

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10
Q

behavioral genetics

A

Linking individual differences in behavior to genetic factors

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11
Q

cognitive psychology

A

Understanding mental processes, and how people process information in general

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12
Q

comparative psychology

A

Studying non-human animal behavior, often (but not always) looking for commonalities with humans

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13
Q

developmental psychology

A

Describing and understanding how and why behavior changes across the lifespan

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14
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

Linking specific behavior patterns to underlying physical components or activities in the brain

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15
Q

personality psychcology

A

Understanding how and why people differ, and how these differences may influence behavior

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16
Q

social psychology

A

Studying how people understand themselves and others, and how behavior can be influenced by other people

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17
Q

applied psychology

A

the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems - typically by influencing behavior or changing environment to match behavior

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18
Q

applied research

A

research done to discover a new or more effective way to solve some specific problem

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19
Q

applied practice

A

the actual application of discovered techniques to solve specific practical problems

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20
Q

translational research

A

research that attempts to take basic findings and turn them into solutions for practical problems

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21
Q

consumer behavior ap

A

Understanding the decisions consumers make about products and services

22
Q

educational ap

A

Improving learning in classroom and other educational settings

23
Q

human factors ap

A

Designing products or processes in ways that improve usefulness or comfort for the people using them

24
Q

forensic and legal ap

A

Applying psychological principles to features of the legal system

25
Q

health ap

A

Improving physical health and healthcare by applying psychological principles

26
Q

industrial and organizational ap

A

Helping organizations improve member performance, motivation, or other role-related outcomes

27
Q

political ap

A

Understanding the role of psychology in the political process, and the role of politics in psychology

28
Q

school ap

A

Using psychology to improve the academic and social experiences of children in school

29
Q

clinical psychology

A

a form of applied psychology that is focused in identifying, preventing, and relieving distress of dysfunction that is psychological in origin

30
Q

clinical psychologists

A

focus on diagnosing and treating mental health issues (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia etc.)

advanced graduate training

31
Q

psychiatrists

A

medical doctors that focus on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

must complete medical school

focus on pharmacotherapy (prescribing medications) as means of treating illness

32
Q

counseling psychologists

A

focus on helping people deal with ongoing life problems/stressors, or transitions from one situation to another

minimum masters degree

33
Q

nativism

A

some forms of knowledge or inborn/innate

34
Q

biological determinism

A

the view that all human behavior is controlled by biological and genetic influences

35
Q

structuralism

A

first major movement in psychology

the WHAT

focus on breaking down the immediate conscious experience (such as sensations and feelings) into their constituent parts

based on systematic introspection

36
Q

systematic introspection

A

attempt to standardize the way conscious experiences were reported so that one person’s experiences could be compared to another more effectively

37
Q

functionalism

A

early psychological movement

the WHY

believed that an understanding of a behavior or process’ function is critical in understanding it’s operation

heavily influenced by darwin’s theory of evolution

38
Q

behaviorism

A

approach to psychology that suggests that observable behavior should be the only topic of study, ignoring the conscious mind

39
Q

john b watson

A

american psychologist that popularized behaviorism

1878-1978

40
Q

b.f skinner

A

1950s leading thinker in behavioralist psychology

known for work on operant conditioning

41
Q

operant conditioning

A

the study of how behavior can be modified using a system of rewards and punishments

42
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a form of psychotherapy created by freud that seeks to help clients gain more insight into

43
Q

humanistic psychology

A

proposes people have free will and capacity to realize own potential

focuses on positive aspects of human condition such as creativity, choice, and potential for growth

created by rogers and maslow

44
Q

carl rogers

A

created humanistic psychology

person centered approach to therapy refocusing the clinical environment on the needs of the client rather than expertise of clinician

45
Q

culture

A

a set of shared beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and customs belonging to a specific group or community of people

46
Q

intersectional approach

A

approach to studying cultural influences that emphasizes that people are not defined by a single aspect of their identity

47
Q

postive psychology

A

branch of psychology focused on specific virtues of the human experience such as happiness, trust, charity, and gratitude

outreach of humanistic psychology

48
Q

ultimate explanations

A

attempt to describe why a trait, behavior, or mental process exists by appealing to its role in biological evolution

49
Q

proximate explanations

A

focus on the immediate causes or mechanisms

ex. hormonal changes = birds singing

50
Q

functional explanations

A

explain the purpose or evolutionary benefit

proximate explanations that focus on how a specific mental or physical process explains a psychological phenomenon

ex. birds mating success increases when singing

50
Q

process - oriented explanations

A

describe the sequence of steps in a process

ex. how memory is formed, stored, and retrieved

psych 111 (5 decks)

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