Chapter 2 Flashcards
Devices using this kind of cabling transmit data over electrical circuits via the copper wires inside the cable.
UTP (Usheilded Twisted Pair)
________ Refers to a family of LAN standards that together define the physical and data-link layers of the world’s most popular wired LAN technology.
Ethernet
Ethernet LAN _______ , which provides many physical ports into which cables can be connected.
Switch
The _______ connects the LAN to the _________ , in this case, the internet.
Router, WAN
__________refers to an entire family of standards. Some standards define the specifics of how to send data over a particular type of cabling, and at a particular speed. Other standards define protocols, or rules, that the _______ nodes must follow to be a part of an _________ LAN
Ethernet
What are the three most commonly used Ethernet standards
10BASE-T (Ethernet), 100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet, or FE), and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GE)
To send data, the two devices follow some rules called an _________ _____________. The idea works a lot like when two people talk using the same language: The speaker says some words in a particular language, and the listener, because she speaks the same language, can understand the spoken words. With an encoding scheme, the transmitting node changes the electrical signal over time, while the other node, the receiver, using the same rules, interprets those changes as either 0s or 1s.
Encoding Scheme
if the link needs a crossover cable, but the installer connected a straight-through cable, this feature can sense the incorrect pinout, and then redirect the electrical signals to the correct pairs to compensate so that the link works. The Ethernet standard calls this feature ________________
Auto-MDIX
This is is when frames are sent to ALL devices on an ethernet LAN.
Broadcast Address
The inner part of a fiber-optic cable, light reflects off of and back into the core.
Cladding
This is the part of a fiber-optic cable that allows for the tranmission of light , which is how data travels through a fiber-optic cable.
core
when connecting two devices that transmit on the same pins, you then need another type of cabling pinout called a _____________ pinout. This special kind of pinout crosses the pair at the transmit pins on each device to the receive pins on the opposite device
Crossover Cable
When electrical current passes over any wire, it creates __________________ that interferes with the electrical signals in nearby wires, including the wires in the same cable. (EMI between wire pairs in the same cable is called crosstalk.)
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
___________ refers to a family of LAN standards that together define the physical and data-link layers of the world’s most popular wired LAN technology.
Ethernet
__________________, also called Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, are 6-byte-long (48-bit-long) binary numbers. For convenience, most computers list MAC addresses as 12-digit hexadecimal numbers. Cisco devices typically add some periods to the number for easier readability as well; for example, a Cisco switch might list a MAC address as 0000.0C12.3456
Ethernet Addresses
A term referring to an Ethernet data-link header and trailer, plus the data encapsulated between the header and trailer.
Ethernet Frame
A generic term for any physical link between two Ethernet nodes, no matter what type of cabling is used.
Ethernet Link
A generic term for the opening on the side of any Ethernet node, typically in an Ethernet NIC or LAN switch, into which an Ethernet cable can be connected.
Ethernet Port
The common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 100 megabits per second.
Fast Ethernet
A type of cabling that uses glass fiber as a medium through which to transmit light.
Fiber-Optic Cable
A field in many data-link trailers used as part of the error-detection process.
Frame-Check Sequence
The common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 1 gigabit per second.
Gigabit Ethernet
A professional organization that develops communications and network standards, among other activities.
IEEE
A standardized data-link layer address that is required for every device that connects to a LAN. Ethernet MAC addresses are 6 bytes long and are controlled by the IEEE. Also known as a hardware address, a MAC layer address, and a physical address.
MAC Address
A type of fiber cable that works well with transmitters like LEDs that emit multiple angles of light into the core of the cable; to accommodate the multiple angles of incident, the cable has a larger core in comparison to single-mode fiber cables.
Multimode Fiber
A computer card, sometimes an expansion card and sometimes integrated into the motherboard of the computer, that provides the electronics and other functions to connect to a computer network. Today, most NICs are specifically Ethernet NICs, and most have an RJ-45 port, the most common type of Ethernet port.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A popular type of cabling connector used for Ethernet cabling. It is similar to the RJ-11 connector used for telephone wiring in homes in the United States. This cabling allows the connection of eight wires.
RJ-45
A type of fiber cable that works well with transmitters like lasers that emit a single angle of light into the core of the cable, allowing for a smaller core in comparison to multimode fiber cables.
Single-mode fiber
In Ethernet, a cable that connects the wire on pin 1 on one end of the cable to pin 1 on the other end of the cable, pin 2 on one end to pin 2 on the other end, and so on.
Straight-Through-Cable
A term formed from the words transmitter and receiver. The hardware used to both send (transmit) energy over some communications medium (e.g., wires in a cable), as well as to process received energy signals to interpret as a series of 1s and 0s.
Transceiver
Generally, any address in networking that represents a single device or interface, instead of a group of addresses (as would be represented by a multicast or broadcast address).
Unicast Address
A local-area network (LAN) that physically transmits bits using cables, often the wires inside cables. A term for local-area networks that use cables, emphasizing the fact that the LAN transmits data using wires (in cables) instead of wireless radio waves.
Wired-LAN
local-area network (LAN) that physically transmits bits using radio waves. The name “wireless” compares these LANs to more traditional “wired” LANs, which are LANs that use cables (which often have copper wires inside).
Wireless-LAN
This layer defines the cabling and energy (for example, electrical signals) that flow over the cables
Physical Layer
refers to the process of putting headers (and sometimes trailers) around some data.
encapsulation
The process by which a TCP/IP host sends data can be viewed as a five-step process. The first four steps relate to the encapsulation performed by the four TCP/IP layers, and the last step is the actual physical transmission of the data by the host. In fact, if you use the five-layer TCP/IP model, one step corresponds to the role of each layer. The steps are summarized in the following list:
Step 1. Create and encapsulate the application data with any required application layer headers. For example, the HTTP OK message can be returned in an HTTP header, followed by part of the contents of a web page.
Step 2. Encapsulate the data supplied by the application layer inside a transport layer header. For end-user applications, a TCP or UDP header is typically used.
Step 3. Encapsulate the data supplied by the transport layer inside a network layer (IP) header. IP defines the IP addresses that uniquely identify each computer.
Step 4. Encapsulate the data supplied by the network layer inside a data-link layer header and trailer. This layer uses both a header and a trailer.
used to refer to any message defined by a protocol.
Protocol Data Unit or PDU
What are the five layers of the TCP/IP model from highest to lowest
- Application
- Transport
- Network
- Data Link
- Physical
