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Concepts of Image > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Science is the study of

A

Physical and biological science

Physical- chemistry
Biological- anatomy and physiology

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2
Q

Anything that has mass and occupies space

A

Matter

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3
Q

The quantity of matter contained in an object

A

Mass

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4
Q

A substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances

A

Element

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5
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances

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6
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work (joule)

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7
Q

Energy emitted and transferred through matter

A

Radiation

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8
Q

smallest particle of an element

A

Atom

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9
Q

3 subatomic particles

A

Proton- (+) charge
Neutron- neutral charge
Electron- (-) charge

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10
Q

Each element has its own specific number of

A

protons

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11
Q

Atomic Number
(Z Number)

A

The number of protons in an atom

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12
Q

is defined as the amount of energy needed to remove the electron from the atom.

A

Binding energy

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13
Q

Electrons around nucleus are in

A

constant motion.

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14
Q

Distance from the nucleus determines

A

the energy level or “SHELL” the electron occupies.

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15
Q

Electrons Measured in

A

eV (same unit used to
describe x-ray energies)

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16
Q

(that is how elements are distinguished from one another)

A

Atomic number

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17
Q

The closer the electron is to the nucleus the more tightly bound it is

A

to its orbit or shell.

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18
Q

Important when studying the effect of x-rays on atoms.

A

Electron binding energy

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19
Q

X-Rays are forms of Energy

A

Electromagnetic
Heat
Chemical
Nuclear
Electrical
Mechanical

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20
Q

lonization

A

-loss or gain of an election

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21
Q

*Rad techs use beams of ionizing radiation that change

A

charges between atoms resulting in disruptions of metabolic relationships in the human body.

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22
Q

*Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed but they can be

A

converted from one form to another

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23
Q

E=mc^2 variables mean what

A

E= energy
M=mass
C=speed of light

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24
Q

is the transfer of energy

A

Radiation

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25
Q

-A natural part of the environment.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation (EM)

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26
Q

understood as both waves and particles

A

X-rays

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27
Q

As wave, EM has a

A

frequency and wavelength

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28
Q

As a particle, EM behaves as a bundle of energy called a

A

Photon

29
Q

distance between any two successive points on a

A

Wavelength-

30
Q

the number of waves that pass a particular point in a given time frame, or the number of cycles per second

A

Frequency-

31
Q

__ have lower frequencies and longer wavelengths where as ___ are associated with higher frequencies and short wavelengths.

A

Radio waves and microwaves

x-rays and gamma rays

32
Q

__ have lower frequencies and longer wavelengths where as ___ are associated with higher frequencies and short wavelengths.

A

Radio waves and microwaves

x-rays and gamma rays

33
Q

12 Properties of X-ray

A

Highly penetration, invisible rays (cant see, hear or feel them)

Electrically neutral (have no charge or electric field)

Cannot be focused (optical lenses cannot focus or control)

Cause chemical and biological effects (ability to compromise cells)

Affects photographic film (can cause images to appear on film)

Cause certain crystals to fluoresce (can strike substances which produce light)

Travel in straight lines (x-ray beams are divergent and each photon travels in a straight line)

Travel at the speed of light (in a vacuum tube)

Create small amounts of heat (release heat while passing through matter)

Create secondary and scatter radiation (photons can be absorbed and produce secondary radiation or scatter)

Heterogeneous & polyenergetic (photons contain various energy levels)

Can ionize matter (can add or remove electrons)

34
Q

Evident in the irradiated person.

A

Somatic Effect

35
Q

May appear in descendants of exposed individuals.

A

Genetic Effect

36
Q

Which effect causes
Skin Erythema
• Cataracts
• Malignancies

A

Somatic Effect

37
Q

Which effect causes Mutations

A

Generic effect

38
Q

Radiation safety consists of 3 things

A

Time
Distance
Safety

39
Q

Filtration
Radiation Safety
Collimation
Protective Apparel
Gonadal Shielding (not as applicable today)

A

Are radiation safety

40
Q

When and who invented radiology

A

November 8, 1895
Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen

41
Q

inventor of x-ray tube, used by Roentgen in 1895

A

William Crookes —

42
Q

“Father of radiation protection” 1901

A

Willliam Rollins -

43
Q

Hi-Volt transformer 1907

A

HC Snook -

44
Q

Coolidge-improved x-ray tube date

A

1913

45
Q

Gustav Bucky/H Potter date

A

1915-1921

46
Q

Standard Units of Measure-Review

A

Gray in air (Gya)
• Gray (Gy)
• Sievert (Sv)
• Becquerel (Bq)

47
Q

Thomas Edison-

A

1898

48
Q

(Edison’s assistant)

A

Clarence Dally

49
Q

Which best describes electric current?

A. The electrons that do not contribute to the x-ray image.
B. The penetrating power of the x-ray beam.
C. The quantity or number of electrons flowing.
D. When electrons stop traveling.

A

C

50
Q

What is the function of a generator?

A. Device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
B. Device used to alter electrical power applying laws of Mutual Induction.
C. Device that changes alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
D. Device that inhibits the flow of electrons.

A

A

51
Q

What is mutual induction?

A. Two coils are connected to each other. A current will run through the first causing a similar current in the second.
B. Two coils are connected to each other. A current will run through the second causing a similar current in the first.
C. Two coils are placed next to each other. A current will run through the first causing a similar current in the second.
D. Two coils are placed next to each other. A current will run through the first causing no change in the second.

A

C

52
Q

What are the three critical transformers in an x-ray circuit?

A. Autotransformer, rectifier, step-up
B. Step-up, step-down, rectifier, self-induction
C. Step-down, rectifier, self-induction
D. Autotransformer, step-up, and step-down

A

D

53
Q

How many direction(s) do electrons flow in a rectifier?

A. One
B. Two
C. Several
D. Zero

A

A

54
Q

What are three ways to electrify a body?

A. Friction, contact, introduction
B. Friction, contact, induction
C. Friction, collimation, induction
D. Friction, contact, indirect

A

B

55
Q

When electrons move in one direction and then reverse and move in the opposite direction it is called?

A. Alternating current (AC)
B. Averaging current (AC)
C. Direct current (DC)
D. Diverging current (DC)

A

A

56
Q

The principle of self-induction is demonstrated in this device.

A. An autotransformer
B. A step-up transformer
C. A rectifier
D. A step-down transformer

A

A

57
Q

Which generator is the most efficient?

A. Three phase, 12 pulse
B. Three phase, high frequency
C. Three phase, 6 pulse
D. Single phase, full wave

A

A

58
Q

Which best describes how X-rays are produced?

A. X-rays produced when extremely low energy electricity creates high speed electrons that interact with matter.
B. X-rays produced when extremely high energy electricity creates low speed electrons that interact with matter.
C. X-rays produced when extremely low energy electricity creates low speed electrons that interact with matter.
D. X-rays produced when extremely high energy electricity creates high speed electrons that interact with matter.

A

D

59
Q

What is the penetrating power of the x-ray beam?

A. kV; also the quality
B. kV; also the quantity
C. mA; also the quantity
D. mA; also the quality

A

A

60
Q

What is the force in which electrons travel?

A. Electric force
B. Electric current
C. Electric potential
D. Electric energy

A

C

61
Q

Which transformer is associated with the mA selector?

A. Step-up transformer
B. Step-down transformer
C. Autotransformer
D. Automatic transformer

A

B

62
Q

Which transformer is associated turning volts into kilovolts?

A. Autotransformer
B. Automatic transformer
C. Step-up transformer
D. Step-down transformer

A

C

63
Q

What type of current is necessary to operate an X-ray tube?

A. Diode current (DC)
B. Anode current (AC)
C. Alternating current (AC)
D. Direct current (DC)

A

D

64
Q

Which current do transformers operate with?

A. Alternating current (AC)
B. Averaging current (AC)
C. Direct current (DC)
D. Diagnostic current (DC)

A

A

65
Q

What type of current do most battery operated portable x-ray units supply?

A. Diagnostic current
B. Direct current
C. Alternating current
D. Atomic current

A

B

66
Q

What type of current do most battery operated portable x-ray units supply?

A. Diagnostic current
B. Direct current
C. Alternating current
D. Atomic current

A

B

67
Q

The greater the ripple effect, the more efficient the generator.

A. True
B. False

A

B

68
Q

Low energy x-ray photons are absorbed into tissue and increase patient skin exposure.

A. True
B. False

A

A

Concepts of Image (6 decks)

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