Chapter 2

Question 1

Vague

Answer 1

Imprecise- vagueness comes in degrees, caused by the use of relative terms.

Question 2

ambiguous

Answer 2

two meanings or more, not made clear by the text
two types
1. Semantic- word has two meanings
2. Syntactic- structure of the sentence

Question 3

Grouping Ambiguity

Answer 3

taking into consideration the group as a whole or whether we should consider each member of the group individually

Question 4

Fallacy

Answer 4

Common mistake in reasoning

Question 5

Fallacy of Division

Answer 5

to assume what holds true of a group is also necessarily true of every individual in a group

Question 6

Fallacy of Composition

Answer 6

assume that what holds true of every individual in a group is necessarily true of the group itself

Question 7

Fallacy of Equivocation

Answer 7

different meanings of words or phrase are used in an argument, and resulting ambiguity leads to an incorrect conclusion
ex. right to vote..

Question 8

Comparative Claims

Answer 8

Important questions to ask:
Important information missing?
Same standard of measure being used?
Are the items comparable?

Question 9

extension

Answer 9

things to which the term applies

ex. names of people

Question 10

Intention

Answer 10

set of characteristics or properties, a thing must have for the term to apply

Question 11

Literal Meaning

Answer 11

has an extension and intention

Question 12

emotive force

Answer 12

tendency to elicit certain values,emotions, and attitudes