Chapter 2 Flashcards
A functional group is
a combo of atoms that determines the physical & chemical characteristics of a compound
Alcohols
- contain hydroxy (-OH)
NAMING
alcohol=very common= normal= 1) AS AN ALKANE: treat like normal branch –> but rmr that this branch has to be on parent
2) AS AN ALCOHOL: follow rules of naming an alkene –> replace “ene” with “ol”
Ether
- contain ether group (C-O-C)
C-O-C–> cocaine - RMR BRANCH PRIORITY: O>C>Halogen
Ether=old person name=old people don’t like change= so no space & alkane ending stays - you can tough cocaine, so put finger on O, find longer side= parent. –> shorten side=branch –> replace yl with oxy —> MAKE SURE U NUMBER BRANCH
General remind for branches whose names are attached to parent
alphabetical order
Aldehyde
- contain carbonyl group (C=O) –> C must have an H –> so it’s acc CH=O
aldehyde–> “hyde”= rhymes with “behind” - always C1–> no location needed
- add “al” to ending
Ketone
- contains carbonyl group
- KetOne–> O in sandwich–> C=O in middle of chain
- add “one” to end of name
- # C1 like alkane –> RMR BRANCH PRIORITY: O>C>Halogen
Carboxylic acids
- contains carboxyl group (C=O & -OH)
- add “oic acid” to end of name
- carb acid always on end of chain, #1 –> NO LOCATION NEEDED
if = bond –> hex-5-enoic acid –> the split location also applies to other groups
Esters
- responsible for many artificial smells & tastes
- (C=O & -O-C
Ester=younger name= newer version of cocaine
young people like change= space between O branch & parent - you can touch cocaine=put finger on -O. –> side with C=O is parent, other branch: ignore O, and state branch like in alkanes. ex, methyl, ethyl
- young people=slang= “O ATE!” =ending ester is
“oate”
Amides
- C=O & -NH2
- name branches connected to the N as N-methyl, N-ethyl,…
- parent–> side with C=O–> C1
- RMR Must draw H on the N if there is one.
- name ends in “amide”
Amines
- -NH2 –> think of amino acids
- name ends in “amine”
amino acids=protein=ur body= u can touch ur body –> put finger on N–> longer side=parent, shorter side= branch –> name branch like u name the amide ones.
Physical properties are ones that
can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter. (Eg, without breaking the bonds)
Ex, melting/boiling points, density, viscosity, lustre, taste, odour, state, texture, colour
Attractive forces between molecules are called ______________________ and largely determine the _________________ of a compound.
intermolecular forces, physical properties
There are 3 types of intermolecular forces. List them
London dispersion forces
Dipole-Dipole forces
Hydrogen bonding ( even though called bonds, are acc forces)
London dispersion forces
Attractive forces between non-polar molecules containing only C-C & C-H bonds –> ex, hydrocarbons (alkane, alkene, alkyne)
- Strength of the LDF depends on the amount of surface contact between molecules
small molecules=less surface contact=weak LDF=low melting & boiling points, tend to be gases at room temp
large molecules=large surface contact=strong LDF-= high melting & boiling points= tend to be liquids at room temp
Dipole-Dipole forces
- Dipole-dipole= attraction between opposite charges
- when e- are shared between atoms, they have a diff pull on the shared e-, indicated by electronegative value
- Stonger pull to weaker: O>N>C>H
- Occur between C-O & C-N bonds –> N &O r more negative & C is more positive
