Chapter 2 Flashcards
A functional group is
a combo of atoms that determines the physical & chemical characteristics of a compound
Alcohols
- contain hydroxy (-OH)
NAMING
alcohol=very common= normal= 1) AS AN ALKANE: treat like normal branch –> but rmr that this branch has to be on parent
2) AS AN ALCOHOL: follow rules of naming an alkene –> replace “ene” with “ol”
Ether
- contain ether group (C-O-C)
C-O-C–> cocaine - RMR BRANCH PRIORITY: O>C>Halogen
Ether=old person name=old people don’t like change= so no space & alkane ending stays - you can tough cocaine, so put finger on O, find longer side= parent. –> shorten side=branch –> replace yl with oxy —> MAKE SURE U NUMBER BRANCH
General remind for branches whose names are attached to parent
alphabetical order
Aldehyde
- contain carbonyl group (C=O) –> C must have an H –> so it’s acc CH=O
aldehyde–> “hyde”= rhymes with “behind” - always C1–> no location needed
- add “al” to ending
Ketone
- contains carbonyl group
- KetOne–> O in sandwich–> C=O in middle of chain
- add “one” to end of name
- # C1 like alkane –> RMR BRANCH PRIORITY: O>C>Halogen
Carboxylic acids
- contains carboxyl group (C=O & -OH)
- add “oic acid” to end of name
- carb acid always on end of chain, #1 –> NO LOCATION NEEDED
if = bond –> hex-5-enoic acid –> the split location also applies to other groups
Esters
- responsible for many artificial smells & tastes
- (C=O & -O-C
Ester=younger name= newer version of cocaine
young people like change= space between O branch & parent - you can touch cocaine=put finger on -O. –> side with C=O is parent, other branch: ignore O, and state branch like in alkanes. ex, methyl, ethyl
- young people=slang= “O ATE!” =ending ester is
“oate”
Amides
- C=O & -NH2
- name branches connected to the N as N-methyl, N-ethyl,…
- parent–> side with C=O–> C1
- RMR Must draw H on the N if there is one.
- name ends in “amide”
Amines
- -NH2 –> think of amino acids
- name ends in “amine”
amino acids=protein=ur body= u can touch ur body –> put finger on N–> longer side=parent, shorter side= branch –> name branch like u name the amide ones.
Physical properties are ones that
can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter. (Eg, without breaking the bonds)
Ex, melting/boiling points, density, viscosity, lustre, taste, odour, state, texture, colour
Attractive forces between molecules are called ______________________ and largely determine the _________________ of a compound.
intermolecular forces, physical properties
There are 3 types of intermolecular forces. List them
London dispersion forces
Dipole-Dipole forces
Hydrogen bonding ( even though called bonds, are acc forces)
London dispersion forces
Attractive forces between non-polar molecules containing only C-C & C-H bonds –> ex, hydrocarbons (alkane, alkene, alkyne)
- Strength of the LDF depends on the amount of surface contact between molecules
small molecules=less surface contact=weak LDF=low melting & boiling points, tend to be gases at room temp
large molecules=large surface contact=strong LDF-= high melting & boiling points= tend to be liquids at room temp
Dipole-Dipole forces
- Dipole-dipole= attraction between opposite charges
- when e- are shared between atoms, they have a diff pull on the shared e-, indicated by electronegative value
- Stonger pull to weaker: O>N>C>H
- Occur between C-O & C-N bonds –> N &O r more negative & C is more positive
Hydrogen bonding
- presence of -OH or -NH group enables organic molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other such groups. –> This increases the attractive forces between its molecules
- Solubility in H2O: enables organic molecules to readily mix with other polar molecules like H2O
- H-bonds are 5x stronger than dipole-dipole
Weakest to strongest intermolecular forces
LDF, Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond
H2O solubility ranking: intermolecular forces
Lowest=LDF=not soluble
2nd=DD= soluble if large amounts of O or N
Strongest = H-bonding= soluble due to H-bonds
SEE PAGE 13 –> CONFUSING
Functional group & type of intermolecular force
alkane=LDF only
ether=weak dipole
ester=moderate dipole
aldehyde=strong dipole
ketone=stronger dipole
alcohol=H-bonding
Carb acid=H-bonding
Also order of lowest boiling to highest
Can tertiary amides form H-bond with each other? Can tertiary amine?
primary amide & amine= N attached to 1 carbon
secondary amide & amine= N attached to 2 carbons
tertiary amide & amine= N attached to 3 carbons
Primary & secondary amide/amine can form H-bonds with each other cuz there is an N-H bond. Tertiary can’t cuz no N-H bond
REVIEW PAGE 14 LIKE ACC. LOOK @ EVERYTHING
Condensation Reactions
aka dehydration reaction
2 molecules are combined to make one larger molecule & water
Alcohol + alcohol = ether + H2O
Carb acid + alcohol = ester + H2O
Carb acid + amine = amide + H2O
Hydrolysis Reactions
- the opposite of condensation reactions
H2O is used as a reactant to cut 1 large molecule into 2 smaller ones
Ether + h2O = Alcohol + Alcohol
Ester + h2O = Alcohol + Carb acid
Amide + h2O = Carb acid + Amine
Reactions of Alcohol
Oxidation [O] = the process in which an atom gains Oxygen, loses a Hydrogen or loses and e-. (+O, -H, -e-)
Reduction [R] = the process in which an atom of a molecule loses an Oxygen, gains an Hydrogen, or gains an e-. Opposite of oxidation (-O, +H, +e-)
Primary Alcohol [O]= Aldehyde [O]= Carb acid
Carb acid [R]= Aldehyde [R]= Primary Alcohol [R]
Secondary Alcohol [O]= Ketone
Ketone [R] = Secondary Alcohol
Tertiary Alcohol [O/R]= NR
Types of alcohols
we count # of carbons directly attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH
–> 1C attached 2 the C directly attached 2 -OH= Primary alcohol, 2C attached 2 the C directly attached 2 -OH = Secondary alcohol, 2C attached 2 the C directly attached 3 -OH= Tertiary alcohol
REACTIVITY: Primary alcohol>Secondary alcohol> Tertiary alcohol
A polymer is
a very large molecule built from monomers
- look like a long string of beads
Monomer: 1 of the repeating units that make up a polymer, they can be identical or different
Types Polymers
Homopolymer: a polymer of a single type of monomer
Copolymer: a polymer made of 2 or more different types of monomers combined
Diff polymers have diff characteristics, depending on:
1) the types of monomers they are from
2) the types of bonds that hold the monomers together
the types of polymers & bonds can be selected to produce materials with desired properties, such as strength, flexibility, & stability.
the 2 major types of polymers, named for the way in which they form
1) Addition polymers
2) condensation polymers
Addition Polymers
result from the addition reactions of monomers that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
- The double bonds in the monomers “open up” & form bonds with other monomer molecules
What functional groups, if any, must be present in a monomer that undergoes an addition polymerization reaction?
a double or triple bond
- rmr function groups are atoms that give physical properties
A plastic is
a synthetic polymer that can be moulded that be moulded into shape (often under heat & pressure) and will then retain its shape when cooled.
- are usually manufactured from petrochemicals
- not all polymers=plastics but all plastics=polymers
- 2011= Canada makes banknotes from synthetic polymers, replacing cotton fibres cuz synthetic polymers= more durable & resistant, & harder to counterfeit
- the polymer is a biaxially oriented polypropene (BOPP), stretching polypropene uniformly in 2 directions
Plastics: the good, the bad, the ugly
GOOD: stable chemically, can be moulded into diff shapes, r flexible & can be bent or folded, resist breakage
BAD: plastic bags & bottles can take up from 500-1000 years to decompose
UGLY: the Great Pacific Garbage Patch covers about 1.6 mill square km (1.5x size of Ontario)
Condensation Polymers
are formed as a result of condensation reactions to form either ester or amide linkages
- a water molecules is removed
- a monomer must have 2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS that are capable of undergoing condensation reactions –> often 1 at each end of molecule
A polyester= condensation polymer reaction between carb acid + alcohol, resulting in ester linkage
A polyamide= Carb acid + amine
Nylon= adipic acid + 1,6-diaminohexane react to form an amide bond
Kevlar= polyamide chains form exeptionally strong fibres (kevlar has a benzene ring in it) SEE PAGE 31
Cotton, Nylon & Polyester traits
COTTON: plant-based, soft, breathable, dyes well, shrinks & high heat & deteriorates over time
NYLON: traits vary on the “finish”, highly elastic with good recovery, won’t shrink, stong, not colour fast, will melt in low heat if not bonded, designed to be substitute of silk so structure is similar
POLYESTER: long-lasting, strong, cheap, withstands moderate heat, wont shrink, not as soft, less absorbant
Kevlar
a polyamide (carb acid + amine) chain that forms exceptionally strong fibres
- Kevlar monomers have a benzene SEE PAGE 31
- polymers in kevlar are crosslinked, making them very strong
- the polymers form a strong network of hydrogen bonds, holding adjacent chains together. When woven together, these fibres r resistant 2 damage, even the damage caused by a speeding bullet
- is stronger than steel, heat resistant, & lightweight –> used to make products like sports equipment, protective clothing for firemen, & bulletproof vest for police
