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Chemistry: Grade 12 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In science, the term organic means

A

anything that is or has been alive

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2
Q

Organic chemistry is

A

a branch of chemistry which involves the study of the chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

The key to they variety of organic compounds that exist lies in the unique bonding abilities of the carbon atom, which are…

A

1) Carbon atoms can form strong single, double, & triple bonds in various length –> with other atoms like oxygen & nitrogen, you can’t make large molecules cuz then they become unstable. Ex. 3 oxygen=ozone

2) Carbon atoms can form linear or branched molecules

3) Carbon atoms may be arranged in rings to form a variety of structures with different shapes –> u can have multiple rings attached to each other as well

4) Carbons can form very large and complex compounds

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4
Q

Why can’t Oxygen or Nitrogen form compounds like carbon?

A

-with oxygen & nitrogen, you can only make 1 double or triple bond and ur done
- u can’t make a lengthy, large molecule –> bigger molecules of Oxygen & Nitrogen are also unstable
–> Ex, 3 oxygen=ozone

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5
Q

Lewis Structure

A

only show the valence electrons

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6
Q

Nomenclature rules for ALKANES

A

1) The parent must be the longest C-C chain, C1 must be closest to the branches

2) The branches must be listed in alphabetical order, with the SMALLEST POSSIBLE # for the branches

3) When the branches are identical, use the prefix “di, tri, tetra…” to indicate duplicity

4) Between 2 # there must be a comma

5) Between a # and a letter, there must be a dash (-)

-rmr when determining alphabetical order, don’t include prefix
- carbon #1 is end closest to the branch
- if branches are at same distances no matter where you start, C gets greater priority over halogen
- rmr we want the smallest branch #s

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7
Q

Name of Branches

A

-Br= bromo
-Cl= chloro
-F= fluoro
-I= iodo
-OH= hydroxy
-NH2= amino
-NO2= nitro

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8
Q

Nomenclature rules for ALKENES

A

there must be at least one double CC bond

  • The parent must contain the double bond(s), even if it’s not the longest possible chain
  • C1 must be closer to the double bond, even if C1 is further from the branches
  • In a ring, the CC double bond must be the first bond. It’s location can be skipped if there’s only 1 double bond

-if there is a branch on one end of the double bond, make that branch #1
- between the hept - 2 - ene, u can’t have a –1) consonant, consonant 2) vowel, vowel

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9
Q

ALKYNE

A

there must be at least 1 CC triple bond

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10
Q

Isomers are

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are in different arrangements

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11
Q

Constitutional Isomers

A
  • molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different atom-to-atom connection
    -Example: A-B-C, A-C-B, B-A-C

rmr Linear Alkane formula = CnH2n+2
- Double bond: lose 2H
- Ring: lose 2H
- Triple bond: lose 4H

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12
Q

Stereoisomers

A
  • molecules that have the same molecular formula and atom-to-atom connection but differ in 3D orientations of their in space
  • Cis-isomer: larger groups are on the same sides of the double bond
  • Trans-isomer: larger groups are one the opposite sides of the double bond
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13
Q

Aromatics

A
  • special group of cyclic hydrocarbons. They appear to have alternating single & double bonds
  • The electrons are equally shared around the ring - there are no single or double bonds in benzene. Instead, we have 6 identical 1.5 bonds (halfway between single & double bonds)

Nomenclature
The benzene is the parent unless:
- the linear chain contains a double bond, a triple bond or have more than 6 carbons, then the linear chain is the parent & the benzene ring is a branch called “phenyl”

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13
Q

Combustion Reactions

A
  • All hydrocarbons burn rapidly with O2 to produce CO2, H2O, & a large amount of energy (heat & light)
  • These reactions are not spontaneous & must be started by a spark, heat or light
  • Combustion of fossil fuels is a major source of useful energy for humans. –> Ex, natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, candles, wax, jet fuel
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13
Q

Complete Combustion Reactions

A

Occurs when the oxygen supply is unlimited (excess reagent)
- Products: CO2 + H2O+ lots of energy
- Ideal way to burn fuel cuz it releases the most energy from the fuel molecules
- Produces the cleanest & hottest flames (blue)

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14
Q

Incomplete Combustion Reactions

A

Occurs when oxygen supply is limited (limiting reagent) –> like in an enclosed space
- Products: CO2, H2O, CO, C, & less energy
- Flames are often sooty (like the black fume that comes out of cars), yellow, & cooler
- excess CO can cause headaches & breathing difficulty –> CO binds to hemoglobin in out blood & does not allow blood to carry O2 as easily. –> increased levels of CO in blood can cause death

15
Q

Why don’t we cook with gasoline (C8H18)

A

1) bad smell
2) u would need a lot of oxygen for a complete combustion reaction

16
Q

Addition Reaction of Alkenes

A
  • hydrocarbons that contain only single CC bonds (alkanes) are called SATURATED and are not very reactive
  • UNSATURATED hydrocarbons contain double & triple bonds & r much more reactive
  • Alkenes & alkynes undergo addition reactions in which atoms are added to a double or triple bond. End product=alkanes
17
Q

Addition Reaction of Alkenes: Markovnikov’s Rule

A

For addition of HX to alkenes, the H atom adds to the Carbon with the most atoms to give the major product
- treat H like money –> THE RICH GETS RICHER

18
Q

Elimination Reactions

A
  • opposite of addition reaction –> H & X are removed to form a double bond between 2 carbon atoms
    alkane –> alkene
  • first identify the x
  • then find the hydrogen u can remove. HAS TO BE 2 CARBONS AWAY
    For our purposes, it produces constitutional isomers
19
Q

Hydrocarbons: gas to solid

A

Alkanes with 1-4 carbons=gas=cooking & heating
Alkanes with 5-16 carbons=liquids=run devices with engines
Alkanes with 16-22 carbons=heavy liquids=lubricating oils
Alkanes with >18 carbons=semi-solids= candles, waxed paper, & cosmetics
Alkanes with >26 carbons=solid residues= asphalt & tars 4 roofing & paving

20
Q

Physical Properties are

A

properties that can be observed without changing the composition of the matter

21
Q

Intermolecular forces are

A

attractive forces between molecules and largely determine the physical properties of a compound
- DO NOT SAY INTERMOLECULAR BONDS

22
Q

Attractive (intermolecular) forces between hydrocarbon molecules are called

A

london dispersion forces
- DO NOT SAY BONDS

23
Q

The strength of the London Dispersion Forces depends on……

A

the amount of surface contact between molecules
Larger size of molecule=greater surface area=stronger LDF=requires more energy to break=higher melting & boiling points

24
Q

Physical properties of Hydrocarbons: Physical state

A

Large hydrocarbon molecules are more attracted (closer) to each other & they tend to be solids, while smaller ones are liquid or gases due to weaker intermolecular forces

25
Q

Physical properties of Hydrocarbons: Melting & Boiling Points

A

as the hydrocarbon gets larger, the attraction between molecules becomes stronger. More energy is needed to separate the molecules. As a result, the boiling points increase

  • rmr room temp = 25 degrees celcius
26
Q

Physical properties of Hydrocarbons: Solubility

A

hydrocarbons have very low solubility in H2O cuz they are non-polar

27
Q

Distillation is

A

a process used to separate the various hydrocarbons in a mixture from one another by using differences in boiling points

28
Q

How does Fractional Distillation work?

A

1) Mixture is heated @ high temp= ensures all all alcohol evaporate. Gases will condense @ diff temps (their boiling points)

2) Methanol=lowest boiling point, will evaporate 1st. As methanol travels down a fractionating column that has a large surface on which it can condense into a liquid & is collected as a condensate or distillate.

3) Once methanol has been boiled off, ethanol will be next to evaporate. This is repeated till all alcohols are boiled off & collected. Impurities that were dissolved in H2O will remain as RESIDUE in original flask

REFLUX= substances with lower boiling points travel further up the column. At the same time, others with higher boiling points drip back down

  • the component liquids thus proceed at diff rates up the fractionating column so as u move up, the mixture becomes increasingly richer in the liquid with the lower boiling point
  • If the substance in the mixture have boiling points that are far apart, & the fractionating column is long enough, eventually the liquid components separate completely after the other.
29
Q

Fractional Distillation in Crude Oil ( substances that travel highest to lowest)

A

1) gases= C1-4=propane
2) Naphtha=C5-9= chemicals
3) Kerosene=C5-10
4) Diesel oil=C10-16=kerosine (paraffin oil)
5) Lubricating oil= C14-20= Diesel oils
6)fuel oil=C20-70
7) residue=>70

30
Q

The most valuable hydrocarbons in petroleum aka crude oil are

A

C5-12 cuz they are the components of gasoline

31
Q

Engine Knocking

A

AKA pinging or detonation, occurs when the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber ignites prematurely or unevenly. Instead of the fuel burning in a controlled, smooth manner after being ignited by the spark plug, pockets of the mixture explode before the spark or at the wrong time. This causes a knocking or pinging noise in the engine

32
Q

Cracking

A

It’s a process used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more desirable ones like high-octane gasoline
- the hydrocarbon chains are heated to a high temp of about 400-500 alongside a catalyst.
- This heating reaction, sped up by the catalyst, breaks the chains down
- it’s an important process cuz it increases the yield of desired products from the same amount
- cracking is also used to break apart larger hydrocarbons like kerosene into smaller ones like ethane & propene (used in plastic production)

33
Q

CH ratio formulas

A

alkanes: CnH2n+2
alkene with 1 double bond: CnH2n
alkyne with 1 triple bond: CnH2n-2
cyclo alkane: CnH2n

Chemistry: Grade 12 (6 decks)

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