Chapter 2

Question 1

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 1

investigate the neural mechanisms underlying all cognitive processes
- attempts to link mind to brain

Question 2

Cognitive Neuropsychology

Answer 2

also focuses on mental processes but with an emphasis on studying the cognitive effects of brain injury pr neurological illness and applying the results to models of normal cognitive functioning

Question 3

Clinical Observations

Answer 3

measure and record effects of brain damage/diseases

Question 4

Electrical Stimulation of Brain

Answer 4

map effects to brain regions using electrudes

Question 5

Lesions

Answer 5

surgical destruction of tissue
ie; lobotomy

Question 6

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 6

magnetic coil placed beside head
- pulse disrupts neural activity; like temporary lesion
- relates disrupted function to location

Question 7

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 7

measures event-related potentials (ERPs) produced by large number of neurons

Question 8

Intra/Extracellular Recordings

Answer 8

measure activity of a single neurons using a microelectrode

Question 9

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 9

take radioactive form of glucose, e-rays cause positron to be emitted and shows metabolic activity
- more active brain regions will take in more glucose

Question 10

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer 10

hemoglobin (which carries oxygen in blood) contains an iron atom that has magnetic properties
- strong magnetic field aligns magnetic molecules, radio wave pulse disorients them, and upon realignment, protons emit radio waves which can be measure quickly, showing metabolic activity

Question 11

Subtraction Method

Answer 11

brain imaging compares activity between two conditions
- activity produced in control condition is subtracted from the activity produced in the experimental condition
- results show the difference due to experimental manipulation

Question 12

Hindbrain

Answer 12

includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongota

Question 13

Forebrain

Answer 13

includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and basal ganglia

Question 14

Midbrain

Answer 14

superior and inferior colliculi and the reticular formation

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

planning, timing, and coordination of voluntary movements; control of ballistic movement

Question 16

Pons

Answer 16

sleep, arousal, and consciousness

Question 17

Medulla Oblongota

Answer 17

cardiorespiratory function

Question 18

Superior Colliculus

Answer 18

processes visual information

Question 19

Inferior Colliculus

Answer 19

processes auditory information

Question 20

Reticular Formation

Answer 20

attention, sleep, arousal, reflexes, and motor function

Question 21

Thalamus

Answer 21

relay station for incoming sensory information

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

mediator between brain and endocrine (hormone) system; regulates body functioning

Question 23

Limbic System

Answer 23

includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and septum

Question 24

Amygdala

Answer 24

plays a role in anger and aggression; forming emotional memories
- stimulation produces fear

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

implicated in some kinds of memory formation

Question 26

Septum

Answer 26

involved in anger and fear responses; specifically produces ‘relief’

Question 27

Basal Ganglia

Answer 27

controlling voluntary movement