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PSYCH 258 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

to know

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2
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

a general approach to psychology emphasizing the internal, mental processes
- behaviour explained in terms of underlying mechanisms

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3
Q

Rationalist: Plato

A

knowledge is obtained via thinking and logical analysis

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4
Q

Empiricist: Aristotle

A

knowledge is acquired through experience and observation

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5
Q

René Decartes

A

French renaissance rationalist
- “I think, therefore I am”
- coined the cartesian dualism

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6
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

mind and body are distinct entities interacting in humans

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7
Q

John Locke

A

british empiricist
- coined “tabula rasa”: blank slate

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8
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

at birth, we know nothing and we acquire knowledge through empirical observation

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9
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

dialectally synthesized the views of Decartes and Locke
- contended that both rationalism and empiricism contribute to understanding

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10
Q

19th Century Psychology

A

focused on the scientific study of conscious experience

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

analyze conscious processes into their basic elements
- discover how elements become connected
- specify the laws of connection

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12
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

opened first psychology lab
- importance of introspection

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13
Q

Introspection

A

analyze your own conscious experience into sensations, images, and affections
- problems; low reliability and not independently verifiable

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14
Q

Functionalism

A

determine the adaptive significance of thought processes
- find how and why the mind works
- specify relationships between stimuli and responses

problems: not based on experimentation and theories did not make testable predictions

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15
Q

William James

A

published “The Principles of Psychology”, which foreshadowed much of cognitive psychology

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16
Q

Associationism

A

determine how events/ideas become associated ie; contiguity, frequency, similarity, contrast
- understand how association produces learning

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17
Q

F.C Donders

A

studied mental chronometry using reaction time and subtractions method
- assumed ‘pure insertion’; time to complete each stage is independent of the other stages

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18
Q

Pure Insertion

A

time to complete each stage is independent of the other stages

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19
Q

Problems with Subtraction Method

A
  • motor response times may be different in different tasks, practice can cause your RT to be faster
  • novice performance not comparable to expert performance
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20
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

used 2000 3 letter nonsense syllables to measure his memory; removed familiarity effects
- found forgetting curve in effect

problem; its hard to remember nonsense

21
Q

Forgetting Curve (Retention Curve)

A

forgetting was rapid at first then more gradual

22
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

develop psychological understanding of psychopathologies
- applied psychotherapeutic treatment

23
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

proposed different levels of awareness- some items unavailable to consciousness
- methods included introspection, dream analysis, and hypnosis

problems; criticized as unscientific, unfalsifiable, and not based on experimental evidence

24
Q

Early 20th Century Psychology

A

the science of observable behaviour

25
Q

Behaviourism

A

study observable behaviours, how they are learned, and how they are modified by the environment

26
Q

J.B Watson

A

shifted study of mind to study of behaviour
- saw the mind as a ‘black box’

27
Q

Gestalt Approach

A

holistic approach that emphasized consciousness
- described how the whole is different from the sum of its parts

problems; described but did not explain consciousness

28
Q

B.F Skinner

A

we are shaped by our environment, not by free will

problemL criticized for ignoring mental processes

29
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

founded Gestalt Psychology

30
Q

Mid 20th Century Psychology

A

science of behaviour and mental processes

31
Q

The Cognitive Revolution/Renaissance

A

discussed the limits of behaviourism
- cognitive maps not just reinforcement
- inadequate explanations
- organization in language comes from within the organism (not the outside)

32
Q

Edward Tolman

A

put rats in a maze to find food boxes
- the rats used a cognitive map when start location was different; contradicted behaviourist principles of learning

33
Q

Karl Lashley

A

argued that behaviourist explanation of language, using stimulus response chains were inadequate
- spoonerisms
- organization in language comes from within the organism (not form outside)

34
Q

Spoonerisms

A

ie; ‘our queer old dean’ instead of ‘our dear old queen’
- these are novel non habitual recombinations

35
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

contributed to advancement in linguistics
- concluded that behaviourist accounts of language were lacking and language is not merely imitation

36
Q

Emergence of Human Factors

A
  • rapid technological advances in WWII led to problems with skills and performance
  • engineering perspective on human information processing applied; important factors include; alertness, sensitivity to environmental conditions, distinguishing relevant vs. irrelevant information, multiple task performance
37
Q

Rise of Constructivism; Jean Piaget

A
  • explained children’s cognitive development via schemes which organize experience and knowledge which change through developmental stages
38
Q

Schemes

A

mental structures that provide basis for thought
- contain information about actions one can perform on objects

39
Q

Contributions from Computing Science

A

artificial intelligence related to cognition

40
Q

The Scientific Method

A

goal of psychology was to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental processes
1. Asks Question
2. Theory
3. Hypothesis
4. Design Research
5. Gather Data
6. Analyze
7. Report and Peer Review

41
Q

Cognitive Science

A

interdisciplinary field which includes anthropology, linguistics, psychology, philosophy, computing science

42
Q

Tri-level Hypothesis

A
  1. Computational Theory
  2. Representation and Algorithm
  3. Hardware Implementation
43
Q

Computational Theory

A

what does addition mean, what is the system doing?

44
Q

Representation and Algorithm

A

how is the problem symbolized and what steps are being used to solve the problem?
- cognitive psychology almost exclusively lies here

45
Q

Hardware Implementation

A

what physical components carry out these operations?

46
Q

What level does cognitive psychology focus on?

A
  1. Representation and Algorithm
47
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

employs the computational metaphor in a simulation of behaviour or mental processes
- functionalist approach

48
Q

Benefits of Building Bridges between Cog Psych and AI

A
  • computational program in AI can serve as potential theoretical models in cognitive psychology
  • both share common interests
  • better understanding of human- AI teaming

PSYCH 258 (2 decks)

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