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Chem 260 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkanes are _______ hydrocarbons.

A

saturated

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2
Q

Alkenes are _______ hydrocarbons.

A

unsaturated

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3
Q

Alkynes are _______ hydrocarbons.

A

unsaturated

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4
Q

Arenes are _______ hydrocarbons.

A

unsaturated

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5
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons:

A

Contain only carbon-carbon single bonds

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6
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Contain one or more carbon-carbon double bond, triple bond, or benzene ring.

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7
Q

Alkane general molecular formula

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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8
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but different atom connectivity.

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9
Q

Different constitutional isomers have:

A

different physical properties

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10
Q

Alkyl group

A

A substituent group derived from an alkane by the removal of a hydrogen atom

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11
Q

-e

A

hydrocarbon

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12
Q

-ol

A

alcohol

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13
Q

-al

A

aldehyde

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14
Q

-amine

A

amine

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15
Q

-one

A

ketone

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16
Q

-oic acid

A

carboxylic acid

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17
Q

Cycloalkane

A

A saturated hydrocarbon that contains atoms bonded to form a ring

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18
Q

Cyclic hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms joined to form a ring

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19
Q

Cycloalkane molecular formula:

A

C(n)H(2n)

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20
Q

If there are two substituents on a cycloalkane:

A

number the ring beginning with the substituent of lower alphabetic order.

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21
Q

If there are three or more substituents:

A

number the ring to give substituted carbons the lowest numbers (sum)

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22
Q

sec-

A

Indicates that a functional group is bonded to a secondary carbon atom in a chain of four or more carbon atoms

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23
Q

tert-

A

Indicates that a functional group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom.

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24
Q

iso-

A

Used to indicate that all carbons in a molecule are in a continuous chain, except one carbon that is part of an isopropyl group at the end of the chain.

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25
Q

Bicycloalkane

A

An alkane that consists of two rings that share two carbon atoms

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26
Q

Bridgehead carbons

A

The shared carbons in a bicycloalkane

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27
Q

Bicycloalkane formula

A

C(n)H(2n-2)

28
Q

Staggered conformation

A

A conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond in which the atoms or groups on one carbon are as far apart as possible from atoms or groups on an adjacent carbon atom.

29
Q

Eclipsed conformation

A

A conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond in which the atoms or groups on one carbon are as close as possible to the atoms or groups on an adjacent carbon.

30
Q

Torsional strain

A

Strain that arises when nonbonded atoms separated by three bonds are forced from a staggered conformation to an eclipsed conformation. Torsional strain is also called eclipsed-interaction strain.

31
Q

Eclipsed conformations have ______ energy.

A

higher

32
Q

Anti conformation

A

A conformation about a single bond in which two groups on adjacent carbons lie at a dihedral angle of 180.

33
Q

Gauche conformation

A

A conformation about a single bond of an alkane in which two groups on adjacent carbons lie at a dihedral angle of 60.

34
Q

Gauche and anti conformations are ______ conformations.

A

staggered

35
Q

Steric strain

A

The strain that arises when nonbonded atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced closer to each other than their atomic (contact) radii would allow. Steric strain is also called nonbonded interaction strain, or van der Waals strain.

36
Q

Small ring strain

A

A strain associated with ring sizes below six that arises from nonoptimal bond angles.

37
Q

The observed C-C-C bond angles in cyclopropane:

A

60

38
Q

How does puckering a ring alter the strain energy?

A

1) It decreases the torsional strain associated with eclipsed interactions
2) increases further the angle strain caused by the compression of C-C-C bond angles

39
Q

Chair conformation

A

The most stable nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane; all bond angles are 110.9, close to the optimum. All bonds on adjacent carbons are staggered.

40
Q

Axial bonds

A

Perpendicular bonds

41
Q

Equatorial bonds

A

Lies roughly along the equator of the ring

42
Q

Diaxial interaction

A

The steric strain arising from interaction between an axial substituent and an axial hydrogen on the same side of the chair conformation.

43
Q

Which is more stable, axial or equatorial substituents?

A

Equatorial

44
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same connectivity, but different orientation in space.

45
Q

Stereocenter

A

An atom (most commonly a carbon atom) about which exchange of two groups produces a different stereoisomer.

46
Q

Cis, trans isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula and same connectivity of atoms, but the arrangement of their atoms in space cannot be interconverted by rotation about single bonds.

47
Q

Cis

A

substituents are on the same side of the ring

48
Q

Trans

A

substituents are on opposite sides of the ring

49
Q

Which is more stable, cis or trans isomers?

A

Trans

50
Q

What intermolecular force do cycloalkanes contain?

A

dispersion forces

51
Q
A
52
Q

The strength of dispersion forces tend to increase with:

A

increasing molecular mass and size

53
Q

Boiling points of alkanes are:

A

low

54
Q

As the number of atoms and molecular weight of alkanes increase, the boiling point ______.

A

increases

55
Q

Alkanes containing 1 to 4 carbons are _____ at room temperature.

A

gases

56
Q

Alkanes containing 5 to 17 carbons are ________ at room temperature.

A

colorless liquids

57
Q

Alkanes containing 18 or more carbons are ______ at room temperature.

A

white, waxy solids

58
Q

Constitutional isomers are ______ compounds.

A

different

59
Q

As the branching of an alkane increases, boiling point ______.

A

increases

60
Q

Oxidation of alkanes

A

Oxidation of alkanes to carbon dioxide and water is the basis for their use as energy sources of heat and power.

61
Q

In hydrocarbon oxidations, the energy of the products is ______ than that of the reactants.

A

less

62
Q

Heat of combustion

A

The energy of the products minus that of the reactants

63
Q

Longer straight-chained alkanes have a _____ melting point than shorter straight-chained alkanes.

A

higher

64
Q

The density of an alkane _____ with increasing molecular weight.

A

increases

65
Q

Branched alkanes are _____ stable than straight-chained alkanes.

A

more

66
Q

Branched alkanes have a ____ boiling point than straight-chained alkanes.

A

lower

Chem 260 (10 decks)

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