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biology of aging > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

molecules, cells, and theories

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

four major classes of biomolecules

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

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2
Q

biomolecules primarily consist of four different atoms

A

CHON

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3
Q

two main types of proteins

A
  1. structural: form structural components of the cell
  2. enzymes: speed and regulate biochemistry
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4
Q

what causes a protein to fold?

A

occurs spontaneously, based on amino acid sequence ; environmental factors also affect conformation

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5
Q

four levels of protein structure

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

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6
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • sugars and sugar polymers
  • mono and poly
  • function: energy and structure
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7
Q

lipids

A
  • molecules that are mostly H and C
  • functions: energy source, structural, cholesterol
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8
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

information storage
energy source

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9
Q

central dogma

A

dna - rna - protein

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10
Q

dna organization

A

organized into distinct units called chromosomes

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11
Q

chromatin (large)

A
  • all genetic material in nucleus
  • 3 x 109 base pairs
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12
Q

chromosome (medium)

A
  • dna/protein structures carrying genes
  • 1 x 106/7 nucleotides per chromosome
  • 23 pairs in humans
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13
Q

gene (small)

A
  • nucleotide sequence of dna that controls one hereditary characteristic of an organism
    -encodes an rna molecule
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14
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly packed chromatin, not available for gene expression

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15
Q

cell membrane

A
  • barrier to maintain the cell’s internal chemistry
  • phospholipids and diverse proteins
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16
Q

mitochrondria

A

use sugar, fat and protein to make atp

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17
Q

ER and golgi

A

allow for the manufacture and secretion of biomolecules

18
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives shape and support

19
Q

intercellular materials

A
  1. amorphous: vary in their H2O/protein content
  2. fibers: collagen and elastin
20
Q

why do cells divide?

A
  1. growth/development
  2. repair/regeneration
  3. reproduction
21
Q

cells reproduce via mitosis

A
  1. chromosomes are duplicated by dna replication
  2. pulled apart by the cytoskeleton, which pinches cell in half
22
Q

do all cells divide?

A

frequency of mitosis depends on cell type : continous, based on need, and rare/never

23
Q

evolution

A
  • the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation, that over time brings about new species
  • occurs by mutation
  • proceeds by natural selection
24
Q

three criteria for valid theory

A
  1. changes addressed must occur commonly in all members of species
  2. process must be progressive
  3. process must lead to organ dysfunctions that ultimately lead to failure of organ
25
Q

three main groups of theories

A
  1. aging results from wearing out of organ
  2. aging results from nonreversible chemical changes within cells that alter its functioning
  3. aging is programmed by a biological clock, located in center of each cell
26
Q

theories of aging

A

genetic
rate of living
free radical
mitochondrial
clinker
cross linkage
immune deficiency
wear and tear

27
Q

genetic theories

A

death gene
telomere
somatic mutation
faulty dna repair
error catastrophe

28
Q

death gene theory

A

a set of genes activates late in life, and tells the body to deteriorate and die

29
Q

telomere theory

A

shortening of telomeres affects the expression of certain genes

30
Q

somatic mutation theory

A

harmful factors may injure genes (radiation)

31
Q

faulty dna repair theory

A

dna damage is repaired early in life, overtime repair mechanisms begin to fail

32
Q

error catastrophe (disproven)

A

damage to rna and protein result in biological aging

33
Q

rate of living theory (disproven)

A

metabolic rate is directly related to the rate of aging, and inversely related to life span

34
Q

free radical theory

A

an atom/molecule with an odd number of e-s-an unpaired electron
- highly reactive, occur naturally, eliminated by antioxidants

35
Q

mitochondrial theory

A

mitochondrial activity and damage cause aging

36
Q

clinker theory

A

waste products accumulate in cells over time

37
Q

cross linkage theory

A

post-translational modification to proteins resulting in irreversible changes to their structure, occurring over time. affects flexibility and functioning
- due to free radicals and glucose

38
Q

glycation

A

covalent joining of a sugar to a protein via particular amino acids

39
Q

immune deficiency theory

A

over time, immune system begins to damage your tissues (autoimmunity)

40
Q

wear and tear theory

A

an accumulation of injuries adversely affects the tissues/bodies

biology of aging (2 decks)

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