Chapter 2

Question 1

What are interpretive approaches?

Answer 1

Focuses on subjects e experience, small-scale interactions, and understanding (seeking meaning)

Question 2

What are some examples of interpretive approaches?

Answer 2

Symbolic interactionism, the Chicago school, dramaturgy, phenomenology, ethnomethodology

Question 3

What are critical approaches?

Answer 3

Look at how power and hegemonic discourses shape experience and understanding.Values experience, understanding, and subjectivity but also critiques these categories.

Question 4

What are some examples of critical approaches?

Answer 4

Postmodernism, post-structuralism, feminism, Critical race theory, queer theory.

Question 5

The development of positivism comes from which discipline?

Answer 5

Natural sciences

Question 6

The development of interpretive strands of research comes from which disciplinary context?

Answer 6

Each comes form a specific discipline

Question 7

The development of critical strands of research comes from which disciplinary context?

Answer 7

interdisciplinary contexts

Question 8

Which is the objective of critical theories?

Answer 8

Social justice

Question 9

How do positivists frame their research questions?

Answer 9

as hypotheses that set up causal relationships between numerical variables (the higher X… the lower/higher Y)

Question 10

Is subjectivity valued or devalued in positivist research?

Answer 10

devalued

Question 11

Critical realists are apart of which research tradition?

Answer 11

positivism

Question 12

What is the hermeneutic tradition?

Answer 12

seeking deep understanding by interpreting the meanings of interactions, actions, and objects

Question 13

Which philosopher posited that “understand is inseparable from the human condition?”

Answer 13

Martin Heidegger

Question 14

Heidegger is associated with which research tradition?

Answer 14

Interpretive strand

Question 15

Which sociologists pioneered symbolic interactionism?

Answer 15

Charles Horton Cooley; George Herbert Mead

Question 16

How does symbolic interactionism build on the interpretive strand of research?

Answer 16

Examines the interaction between individuals, small groups, or objects. Interaction is interpretive and that shared symbols communicate meaning- differently for each person or group. Social meanings are created and re-created

Question 17

Which thinker developed Dramaturgy in 1959?

Answer 17

Erving Goffman

Question 18

The question: “how do people interpret facial expressions?” is associated with which school of the interpretive approach?

Answer 18

symbolic interactionism

Question 19

What is dramaturgy?

Answer 19

School that sees social reality as a process of performance. Often conceived in terms of front stage and back stage, while managing impressions seen by others.

Question 20

The question: “how do people act in embarrassing situations?” is associated with which strand of the interpretive approach?

Answer 20

Dramaturgy

Question 21

Phenomenology is associated with which philosophy

Answer 21

European philosophy of the early 1900s

Question 22

What were phenomenologists critical of?

Answer 22

The natural sciences for assuming an objective reality independent of individual consciousness.

Question 23

What do phenomenologists focus on?

Answer 23

Identifying how individuals experience events and situations.

Question 24

The question: How do individuals experience dying?” is associated with which strand of the interpretive approach?

Answer 24

Phenomenology

Question 25

Ethnomethodology was popularized by who?

Answer 25

Harold Garfinkel

Question 26

What is ethnomethodology’s focus?

Answer 26

On how people make sense of the world in which they live

Question 27

Ethnomethodology draws on which strand of interpretive research?

Answer 27

Phenomenology

Question 28

Dramaturgy might use which research techniques?

Answer 28

observational techniques

Question 29

Phenomenology might use which research techniques?

Answer 29

observations, in-depth interviews, or written accounts of experiences,

Question 30

The question: “How do people go about making sens of their everyday lives?” is associated with which interpretive strand?

Answer 30

Ethnomethodology

Question 31

What research techniques might ethnomethodologists use?

Answer 31

observation or interviews with people talking about their experiences

Question 32

What are the two strands within the critical umbrella?

Answer 32

Theory-oriented deconstruction and social activism

Question 33

What is an ethical epistemology

Answer 33

movements like feminism, CRT’ queer theory that have a social justice or activist component

Question 34

What do critical theorists seek to do with binary categories?

Answer 34

Challenge them

Question 35

What do critical theorists believe is the consequence of the traditional scientific process?

Answer 35

they fortify a status-quo oppressive to those in the periphery of the dominant ideology

Question 36

Critical theorists believe dominant knowledge is…

Answer 36

socially constructed

Question 37

To what end do critical theorists seek to subvert dominant knowledge?

Answer 37

To create room for counter hegemonic knowledge

Question 38

Postmodernism focuses on what?

Answer 38

The prominence of dominant ideology and the discourses of power that normalize it.

Question 39

What do postmodernists focus on?

Answer 39

Creating “truths” embedded in the historical realities that produce them

Question 40

What is post-structuralism?

Answer 40

A subversive process of breaking down unities and decentering the locus of research that challenges the dominant ideology.

Question 41

Post-structuralism is is concerned with what?

Answer 41

Creating transformational tension within the system that will change it.

Question 42

What is critical deconstruction?

Answer 42

Countering visible textual interpretations by revealing a subjugated or unconscious meaning.

Question 43

How did feminist perspectives develop?

Answer 43

out of the second wave of the women’s movement as a way to address the long-excluded experiences of women and girls

Question 44

In what way does feminist research differ fro positivists in the research process?

Answer 44

They place the researcher not “above,” but within the group studied.

Question 45

What is feminist standpoint epistemology?

Answer 45

Derived from Hegel and Marx. People have different visions of the world depending on their place in a hierarchical structured society. Therefore primarily focuses on the experience of women within these structures

Question 46

What is afrocentric feminist epistemology?

Answer 46

Epistemology that focuses on the “matrix of domination” experienced by black women

Question 47

What is intersectionality theory?

Answer 47

examines the interlocking nature of class, gender, sexuality, and nationality

Question 48

Where did critical race theory come from?

Answer 48

Evolved out of a multidisciplinary context from the intersection feminist, post-structural, legals studies, and civil rights movement.

Question 49

What does CRT do?

Answer 49

Investigate and transforms the hierarchical racial structures of society- race being socially and historically constructed categories

Question 50

What is Queer theory?

Answer 50

An interdisciplinary social justice-oriented perspective that seeks equality for the sexually marginalized

Question 51

What does queer theory try to do?

Answer 51

Problematize traditional notions of sexual identity and rejection of essentialist practices that erase differences between people