Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are interpretive approaches?
Focuses on subjects e experience, small-scale interactions, and understanding (seeking meaning)
What are some examples of interpretive approaches?
Symbolic interactionism, the Chicago school, dramaturgy, phenomenology, ethnomethodology
What are critical approaches?
Look at how power and hegemonic discourses shape experience and understanding.Values experience, understanding, and subjectivity but also critiques these categories.
What are some examples of critical approaches?
Postmodernism, post-structuralism, feminism, Critical race theory, queer theory.
The development of positivism comes from which discipline?
Natural sciences
The development of interpretive strands of research comes from which disciplinary context?
Each comes form a specific discipline
The development of critical strands of research comes from which disciplinary context?
interdisciplinary contexts
Which is the objective of critical theories?
Social justice
How do positivists frame their research questions?
as hypotheses that set up causal relationships between numerical variables (the higher X… the lower/higher Y)
Is subjectivity valued or devalued in positivist research?
devalued
Critical realists are apart of which research tradition?
positivism
What is the hermeneutic tradition?
seeking deep understanding by interpreting the meanings of interactions, actions, and objects
Which philosopher posited that “understand is inseparable from the human condition?”
Martin Heidegger
Heidegger is associated with which research tradition?
Interpretive strand
Which sociologists pioneered symbolic interactionism?
Charles Horton Cooley; George Herbert Mead
How does symbolic interactionism build on the interpretive strand of research?
Examines the interaction between individuals, small groups, or objects. Interaction is interpretive and that shared symbols communicate meaning- differently for each person or group. Social meanings are created and re-created
Which thinker developed Dramaturgy in 1959?
Erving Goffman
The question: “how do people interpret facial expressions?” is associated with which school of the interpretive approach?
symbolic interactionism
What is dramaturgy?
School that sees social reality as a process of performance. Often conceived in terms of front stage and back stage, while managing impressions seen by others.
The question: “how do people act in embarrassing situations?” is associated with which strand of the interpretive approach?
Dramaturgy
Phenomenology is associated with which philosophy
European philosophy of the early 1900s
What were phenomenologists critical of?
The natural sciences for assuming an objective reality independent of individual consciousness.
What do phenomenologists focus on?
Identifying how individuals experience events and situations.
The question: How do individuals experience dying?” is associated with which strand of the interpretive approach?
Phenomenology
Ethnomethodology was popularized by who?
Harold Garfinkel
What is ethnomethodology’s focus?
On how people make sense of the world in which they live
Ethnomethodology draws on which strand of interpretive research?
Phenomenology
Dramaturgy might use which research techniques?
observational techniques
Phenomenology might use which research techniques?
observations, in-depth interviews, or written accounts of experiences,
The question: “How do people go about making sens of their everyday lives?” is associated with which interpretive strand?
Ethnomethodology
What research techniques might ethnomethodologists use?
observation or interviews with people talking about their experiences
What are the two strands within the critical umbrella?
Theory-oriented deconstruction and social activism
What is an ethical epistemology
movements like feminism, CRT’ queer theory that have a social justice or activist component
What do critical theorists seek to do with binary categories?
Challenge them
What do critical theorists believe is the consequence of the traditional scientific process?
they fortify a status-quo oppressive to those in the periphery of the dominant ideology
Critical theorists believe dominant knowledge is…
socially constructed
To what end do critical theorists seek to subvert dominant knowledge?
To create room for counter hegemonic knowledge
Postmodernism focuses on what?
The prominence of dominant ideology and the discourses of power that normalize it.
What do postmodernists focus on?
Creating “truths” embedded in the historical realities that produce them
What is post-structuralism?
A subversive process of breaking down unities and decentering the locus of research that challenges the dominant ideology.
Post-structuralism is is concerned with what?
Creating transformational tension within the system that will change it.
What is critical deconstruction?
Countering visible textual interpretations by revealing a subjugated or unconscious meaning.
How did feminist perspectives develop?
out of the second wave of the women’s movement as a way to address the long-excluded experiences of women and girls
In what way does feminist research differ fro positivists in the research process?
They place the researcher not “above,” but within the group studied.
What is feminist standpoint epistemology?
Derived from Hegel and Marx. People have different visions of the world depending on their place in a hierarchical structured society. Therefore primarily focuses on the experience of women within these structures
What is afrocentric feminist epistemology?
Epistemology that focuses on the “matrix of domination” experienced by black women
What is intersectionality theory?
examines the interlocking nature of class, gender, sexuality, and nationality
Where did critical race theory come from?
Evolved out of a multidisciplinary context from the intersection feminist, post-structural, legals studies, and civil rights movement.
What does CRT do?
Investigate and transforms the hierarchical racial structures of society- race being socially and historically constructed categories
What is Queer theory?
An interdisciplinary social justice-oriented perspective that seeks equality for the sexually marginalized
What does queer theory try to do?
Problematize traditional notions of sexual identity and rejection of essentialist practices that erase differences between people
