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Psych 104 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three other types of evidence for behaviour:

A
  1. Your Experience
  2. Your intuition
  3. An authority
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2
Q

3 elements of empiricism:

A
  1. Comes from observation and experimentaion
  2. Reproducable
  3. Verifiable
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3
Q

Element of Empircism

Comes from observation and experimentation

A

Empiricists say we need to gather data from sensory experiences, and observations

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4
Q

Element of empircism

Reproducibility

A

Empirical evidence should be reproducible by different observers under similair conditions

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5
Q

element of empircism

Verification

A

empirical claims must sbe testable and subject to verification or falsification through futher observation and expriements

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6
Q

Hindsight understanding

A

proposing an explanation to a behaivour after seeing it (“i knew it all along moment”)

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7
Q

3 elements leading to hindsight understanding:

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Meta-Cognitive
  3. Motivational
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8
Q

Hindsight understanding

Cognitive element

A

Things like forgetting past prediction

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Hindsight Understandiing

Metacognitive Element

A

when you undrestand why something happend, you can see why it happened

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11
Q

Hindsight Bias

Motivational

A

Believing an outcome was innevitable

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12
Q

The Scientific Method Definition

A

Systematic procedure used to ahieve goal of description, prediction, and explanation

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13
Q

Normal Distribution

A

-Symmetrical
-Central Peak
-Tails off to both ends

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13
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A
  1. Identify a Question - What we want to learn?
  2. Form a Hypothesis - What we predict?
  3. Test Hypothesis by doing reserach
  4. Analyze Data - What we think?
  5. Build a body of knowledge - Build Theory
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13
Q

Negatively Skewed

A

Skewed to the left

Mode > Median > Mean

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13
Q

Positively Skewed

A

Skewed to the right
Mean > Median > Mode

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13
Q

How do you know if something is positively or negatively skewed?

A

if the tail is to the right then it is positively skewed. If the tail is to the left then it is negatively skewed.

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14
Q

Standard Deviation

A

describes the average difference between measurments

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14
Q

Range

A

value of largest measurment minus smallest measurment

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14
Q

Variability

A

How much measurments differ from one another

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15
Q

3 ways to build body of knowledge:

A
  1. Present at Conference
  2. Publish in peer-reviewed
  3. Promote work on social media
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16
Q

Key Features of Indegenous Systems

A
  1. Holistic Perspectives
  2. Spiritualty
  3. Ecological Context

(there are more)

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17
Q

Variable

A

Any characteristic that varies

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18
Q

Operational Defintion

A

defines varible in terms of specific prcedure used to measure it: ex how fast someones heart to say it is anxiety

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19
Two things that make a good measurment:
1. Reliability 2. Validity
20
Realiability
Always produce the same score when measuring the same thing
21
Validity
must conceptually be related to the property of study
22
Descriptive Research
Seeks to explain how an individual behaves, esp in natural environment
23
3 types of descriptive research
1. Case studies 2. Naturalistic Observations 3. Surveys
24
Self-Report measure
participants report on their own knowledge, beliefs, feelings -a questionnaire or interview
25
Two issues with self-report
-Social Desirability Bias (desire to make good impression) -Asking suggestive or leading questions
26
case study
descriptive research method that involves intenstive examination of "atypical" person
27
Naturalistic Observations
-Observers record observational behaivour -Requires operational definiton -Observers must be trained to consistently code their observations
28
Issues with measuring overt behaivour (2)
1. Participants can change their behaivour when being observed 2. Demand characteristics
29
Social Desirability Bias
Aspects of observational setting that make people behave as they think they should
30
Types of research (4)
-Descriptive -Correlational -Survey -Observational
31
What is Naturalistic Observation
Observing people/animals in their natural environment
32
two advantages of naturalistic observations:
1. Provides rich description of behaviour 2. Can avoid demand characteristics (they do not know they are being watched)
33
Two limits to naturalistic observations
1. Can not inform a Pearson that they are being observed 2. Requires long period of observation to get a single measure of a desired behaviour
34
Survey research involves:
Asking participants questions through interviews or questionnaires
35
Population
the entire set of individuals about who we wish to draw a conclusion
36
Sample
a subset of individuals drawn from a population
37
A representative sample _____
reflects important ccharesteristcs of the population
38
To have a representative sample you have to use ________
Random Sampling
39
Surveys like descriptive research can not be used to _______-
draw conclusions about population
40
psychological tests
specialized tests designed by psychologists to measure particular variables
41
3 psychological test
1. Neuropsychological 2. Personality 3. Intelligence
42
Correlational Research 3 aspects:
1. Measure X 2. Measure Y 3. See if X is related to Y
43
Correlation does not equal _______
causation
44
You can only make casual inference if you have a ______
experiment
45
Biderecitonality problem
Does X cause Y or does Y cause X
46
Third variable problem
two variables only have a correlation to each other because they are confounded by a third variable they are causally related to
47
r describes
relation between two variables
48
explain r
if positive then positive relation, the higher the number (take the absolute value) the stronger the relationship
49
r = 0 means
there is no relationship
50
3 advantages of correlational research
1. shows strength or present relationships 2. can be used to make predesictionsd about variables 3. identifies 'real-world' associations
51
2 disadvantages of correlational research
1. can not assume cause-effect relationship 2. Third-variable problem
52
3 steps or experimental research:
1. Manipulation of one variable 2. Measure changes in another variable 3.Controlling variables
53
Variable:
A property whose value can change across individuals and over time
54
Independent Variable:
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment
55
Dependant Variable:
The variable that is measured in a study
56
Exxpiremental variation:
Researchers systematically varying what participants are exposed to (Independent variable) using random assignment to minimize bias
57
Comparative Baseline:
The experimental group receives the treatment, while the control group experiences all other aspects equally except the treatment
58
Isolating Effects:
Comparing experimental and control groups allows researcher to isolate the effects of IV, establishing a baseline for what naturally occurs (control) versus what changes with the treatment (experimental)
59
Two types of research expirements:
-Between Groups/Between Subjects -Repeated measures (within subjects)
60
Between Groups/Between Subjects design
each group in the experiment is composed of a different set of participants (first BSR experiment)
61
Repeated measures (within subjects design)
Each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an independent variable (second BSR experiment)
62
Purpose of ethical standards
to protect the welfare off both humans and animals in psychological research
63
5 points of ethics
1. Psychologist must protect and promote the welfare of participants 2. Psychologists must avoid doing harm to participants 3. Psychologists should not carry out studies unless the benefit outweighs the loss 4. Psychologists must provide informed consent, and debriefing 5. Should ensure privacy and confidentiality
64
When was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study conducted?
between 1932 - 1972
65
Purpose of Tuskegee Syphilis Study
To observe the natural history of untreated syphilis
66
How was the Tuskegee Syphilis study deceitful?
because African-American men were told they were reaching free healthcare. They were not informed they they were being infected with syphilis
67
Vivisections
live experiments on animals
68
What did Rene Descartes question about animal ethics?
he asked if it is torture, if it impacts studies
69
What does the Animal Ethics slide have?
The dates on events related to animal ethics
70
APA's code for working with animal subjects (4)
1. Must be trained in research methods, the care of laboratory animals 2. Appropriate anesthesia and pain management 3. Minimize discomfort, infection, illness, pain 4. Procedures causing discomfort and pain only used when study shows potential for benefit
71
Who contributed to the Three R's
Russel and Burch
72
What do the three R's serves as
Guiding principles for ethical testing
73
What are the 3 R's
1. Replacement 2. Reduction 3. Refinement
74
Replacement
methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research
75
Reduction
use of methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.
76
Refinement
use of methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used.

Psych 104 (3 decks)

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