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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and the mind

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2
Q

Behaviour

A

Directly observable actions and responses

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3
Q

Mind

A

internal states and processes that can not be observed

ex: thoughts and feelings

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4
Q

2 types of research

A
  1. Basic Research
  2. Applied Research
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5
Q

Basic Research

A

Research that seeks knowledge just for the sake of knowledge.

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6
Q

Applied Research

A

Research that aim to answer a specific question

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7
Q

Science

A

Systemic gathering and evaluation of empirical evidence

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8
Q

Systemic

A

Performed according a set of rules/conditions

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9
Q

Empirical

A

Evidence gained through experience and observation

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10
Q

3 ways people may learn about human behaviour

A

-Other people

-Personal Experience

-Media Sources

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11
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

taking mental shortcuts, easiest path

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12
Q

Basic vs Applied Science distinction

A

distinguishing between the two helps maintain the perceived purity of basic science, and emphasizes unexpected practical applications

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13
Q

Cultural Influences and values on science

A

Science reflects cultural values; diversity in scientific perspectives improves research quality and innovation

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14
Q

Objectivity and Bias in Science

A

While science aims for objectivities it inherently carries values; collective scientific activity corrects biases over time.

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15
Q

Psychology is a _____ field

Psychology has _____ perspectives

A

-broad

-numerous

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16
Q

Perspectives: Mind-Body Dualism

A

Belief that the mind is a spiritual entity that is not governed by the same rules as the physical body

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17
Q

What did Rene Descartes believe?

A

Regarding mind-body dualism he believed that the mind and body interact via the pineal gland (seen as the third eye)

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18
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that no amount of studying the physical body can provide information about the non-physical mind

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19
Q

Monism

A

The belief that the mind and body are one

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20
Q

Monism: Thomas Hobbes

A

Believed mental events are a product of physical events

meaning thoughts come from physical process in the body

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21
Q

Perspectives: Empiricism

A

The view that ideas + knowledge are gained through the senses. Also the idea that observation is more valid than reason because reason is filled with potential for error.

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22
Q

Empiricism: What did John Locke believe?

A

Philosophy should focus on the capabilities and extent of the human mind.

-Instead of reasoning?

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23
Q

Physiology

A

An area of biology that examines bodily functioning

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24
Q

What did Charles Darwin believe?

A

Humans are not that special but just another species of animal

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25
Early Schools: Structuralism
Structuralists wanted to study the mind at its most basic elements (breaking it down into building blocks).
26
Early Schools: Wilhelm Wundt (structuralism)
Established the first experimental psych lab at the U of Leipzig (Germany).
27
Introspection
Looking into yourself and describing your own experiences
28
Why did structuralism die out?
Because it relied too much on introspection
29
Early Schools: Functionalism
The study of the function of consciousness rather than its structure. (ex. WHY do we have hands, how do they help us. This influenced Darwin's theory of evolution. influenced adaptation
30
Early Schools: William James (Functionalism)
Helped widen the scope of psychology to biology, mental processes and overt behaviour.
31
Which woman set up the first psychology lab? (wife of William James)
Mary Whiton Calkins
32
What ideas stuck from functionalism?
That we can not break down the mind into basic blocks
33
According to William James' functionalism, why should psychologists focus on the operations of the mind?
Because the mind is too complex to understand as the sum of separate parts
34
Perspectives: Psychodynamics
Searches for causes of behaviour within our personalities + emphasizes the role of the unconscious processes.
35
Psychodynamics: Sigmund Freud
-Developed Psychoanalysis -Investigated internal and mostly unconscious psychological forces -Believed that people are born with sexual/violent tendencies that go punished during childhood.
36
Psychoanalysis
Investigating internal and mostly unconscious psychological forces
37
Perspectives: Behavioural
Focuses on the role of external environmental factors. Our behaviour is determined by habits which are developed by our environment.
38
Behavioural Perspective: John Locke
Tabula Rasa: The human mind is born with a blank-slate. -Human nature is shaped by our environment
39
Behavioural Perspective: Ivan Pavlov
Learning can occur when events are associated with each other (dog learning to salivate at audio cue if trained that audio cue = food).
40
Behavioural Perspective: Edward Thorndike
Law of Effect (ex. if a you raise your hand and a teacher calls you dumb, you likely will not raise your hand again).
41
Behaviourism
Emphasizes environmental control of behaviour through learning.
42
Behavioural Perspective: John B Watson
Proper subject matter is observable behaivour, not subconcious. Opposed "mentalism from earlier schools". (theory that the mental processes occur outside of physical processes/behaviour) -Humans are a product of their learning, and environment
43
Behavioural Perspective: B.F Skinner
"no account of what is happening inside the human body no matter how complete, will explain the origins of human behaviour". Did not deny that people have thoughts/feelings/mind but that behaviour comes from environment. -Behaivour comes from environment not body
44
Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes free will, personal growth and attempting to find meaning in one's existence. Our existence is in our own hands + not controlled by an unknown force. Rejected the psychodynamic (controlled by unconcious), behaivoralist view (controlled by enviroment) .
45
The cognitive perspective
Looks at nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behaviour. Looks at internal factors. -looks at things like memory,
46
Humanistic Perspective: Abraham Maslow
Believed in self-actualization as a driving force. We have personal agency and are responsible for our own growth.
47
Humanistic Perspective: Positive Psychology Movement
Emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living.
48
Cognitive Perspective: Gestalt Psychology
Looks at how the mind organizes elements of an experience into a unified perception. "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
49
Cognitive Revolution
Period of growing interest in mental processes
50
Cognitive Perspective: Language Learning (Behaviourists)
Believe language is acquired through the basic principles of learning.
51
Cognitive Perspective: Language Learning (Linguists)
Believe humans are biologically pre-programmed to acquire language. Also that children come to understand language as a set of "mental rules". (Noam Chomsky)
52
Cognitive Psychology
Focusses on the study of mental processes (reasoning, decision-making, problem-solving and the formation of perception, production + understanding)
53
Sociocultural Perspective
Looks at how the social environment + cultural learning influence our behaviour, thoughts and feelings.
54
The sociocultural perspective heavily overlaps with the:
-Behaivour perspective (environment) -Cognition Perspective (social cognition, how attitudes form, how expectations affect our behaivour) -Biological Perspective (Pain, and how it affects us).
55
Sociocultural Perspective (Social):
How the presene of other poeple influences your behaviour, thoughts, feelings (people judging us)
56
Sociocultural Perspective (Culture):
Values, beliefs, behaviours, traditions passed on
57
Sociocultural Perspective: (Cultural Psychology)
Looks at transmission of culture + psychological similarities/differences between people from diverse cultures.
58
The Biological Perspective
Looks at how the brain + other bodily functions regulate behaviour.
59
Biological Perspective: Behaviour Genetics
Study of how tendencies are influenced by genetic factors.
60
Biological Perspective: Evolutionary Psychology
Aims to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour. (ex. natural selection is based off of certain inherited traits, providing a selective advantage).
61
Diversity and Inclusion in psychology
ensures psychological research and practice are fair, accurate, and representative of all individuals.
62
Risk of Bias in psychology
excluding diversity leads to biased research and harmful outcomes for underrepresented groups.
63
Clinical Psychology
-study and treatment of psych disorders -clinic, hospital, private practice -practicing and research
64
Cognitive Psychology
Study of mental processes like: -Consciousness -Attention -Memory -Decision-making -Problem solving -Language (Psycholinguistics)
65
Biopsychology/Neuroscience
-focuses on the biological unpinning of behavior -processing genes, hormones -evolutionary psychology
66
Developmental Psychology
Examines physicasl, psychological, and social development acrossd the lifespan ex: -mental abilities -parenting styles
67
Expiremental Psychology
Focuses in processes like: -Learning -Sensory -Perception -Motivates tates using expirements to investigate things like cognitin, memory, etc... to gain empirical evidence.
68
Industrial-organizational psychology
examines people behaviour in the workplace such as: -leadership -teamwork -job satisfaction -work motivation -performance
69
Personality Psychology
-Focuses on the study of personality -study core personality traits -personality tests
70
Social Psychology
examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in the social world. -How people inlfuence one another or in groups? -How people form impressions and attitudes?
71
Health Psychology
examines how psycholigcal social, and biological factors interact to influence health -health psychologists work to understand and enhance health, aimed at promoting healthy behaviours, preventing illness, and improving life
72
Comparitive Psychology
Scientific study of the behaivour, and mental proccess of non-human animals. also known as ethology
73
6 major themes in psychology
1. Psychology is empirical 2. Psychology is thereotically diverse. lots of theories on how things work 3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. it is affected by social issues in the past and now. 4. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage 5. Behavior is influenced by both heredity and environment 6. People's experience of the world is highly subjective
74
Levels of Analysis
Refer to different scales or perspectives from which behaviour and mental proccess can be understood. they provide varying degrees of detial and context, helping psychologists explain from multiple viewpoints: they are: -biological -individual -social -cultural
75
biological level of analysis
focuses on how biological factors such as brain structure neurotransmitters, genetics, and phsiological proccess, influence behavior and mental processes
76
individual level of analysis
examines behavior and mental proccess froma psychological perspecrtive including cognition, emotions, persdonality traits, and devellopmental influences
77
social level of analysis
behavior and mental processes are analyzed within the context of social interactions, cultural norms, soceital influences, and group, dynamics
78
cultural level of analysis
thoughts, action, behaviours in different socities and cultural groups.
79

Psych 104 (3 decks)

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