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A&P1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry Comes Alive

1
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work
-potential: inactive/ stored
-kinetic: energy of motion

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2
Q

Forms of energy

A

A. Chemical: making/ breaking of chemical bonds
B. Electrical: movement of charged particles
C. Mechanical: movement of matter
D. Radiant: light, other electromagnetic radiation

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3
Q

Matter

A
  • All living things consist of matter
    A. matter is anything that occupies space/ has mass.
  • liquid, solid, or gas
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4
Q

Mass

A

Actual amount of matter an object contains

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5
Q

Weight

A

Measure of force of gravity on an object

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6
Q

Element

A

A. A substance that cannot be made into a simpler substance by ordinary chem. reactions
B. Composed of specific types of atoms
C. There are (at least) 112 elements
- 92 (nature)
- 24 (naturally in the body)
Most common: H,C,O,N

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7
Q

Protons

A
  • found in the nucleus
  • positively charged
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8
Q

Neutrons

A
  • found in the nucleus
  • neutral charge
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9
Q

Electrons

A
  • orbit around the nucleus
  • negatively charged
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10
Q

What makes an atom neutral?

A

of protons=# of electrons

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11
Q

What determines an element?

A

A. Number of protons
B. The # of protons in the nucleus is the elements atomic number

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12
Q

Isotopes

A
  • atoms have same # of protons, different # of neutrons
  • same chemical characteristics
  • mass #: indicates the # of protons, and neutrons
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13
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A
  • unstable, and decay into other isotopes
  • even into other elements
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14
Q

Molecule

A

A. 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
- could be the same element

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15
Q

Compound

A

A. Molecules composed of 2 or more different elements

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16
Q

Mixtures

A

A. substances composed of 2 or more components physically mixed

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17
Q

Solutions

A

A. Mixture of 2 or more components
-ex: salt water and blood plasma

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18
Q

Solvent (Solution)

A

A. The medium in which the other matter mixed

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19
Q

Solute (Solution)

A

A. The various other components in the mixture.

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20
Q

Homogenous

A

A. mixture that has a uniform composition throughout
- components are evenly distributed and cannot be easily separated

21
Q

Concentration

A

A. Measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent
- Milligrams/ deciliter (mg/dl)
- Molarity (M)- moles/ liter

22
Q

Mixtures

A

A. Colloid
- Heterogenous mixtures that appear milky/ translucent (Jell-O)
- Smaller particles which scatter light.
- May undergo sol-gel transformations

23
Q

Suspensions (mixture)

A

A. Blood
- red blood cells suspended in plasma
- heterogenous mixture with larger, often visible particles.

24
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Strongest to weakest
A. Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Hydrogen
D. van der walls= hydrophobic

25
Q

Role of electrons

A

A. They form clouds called shells.
- each shell: 1 or more orbitals
-first 3: hold 2, 8, and 18
B. Outer shell is the valence shell

26
Q

When are atoms stable?

A

A. Valence shell is filled with electrons
- Atoms are chemically reactive if the valence shell is not full of electrons

27
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A. Electrons shared among 2 or more atoms
B. Carbon + 4 Hydrogen=Methane
- carbon: 4 valence electrons to share
- hydrogen: 1 valence electron to share

28
Q

Single, double, triple

A

A. Refers to the # of atoms shared

29
Q

Polar (Covalent bond)

A

A. Electrons are shared unequally

30
Q

Non-Polar (Covalent Bond)

A

A. Electrons are shared equally
- CO2 has 2 non-polar covalent bonds

31
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

A. Electrons can be completely separated, transferred from one atom to another.
- forms + and - ions.
B. Oppositely charged ions attract each other

32
Q

Cation

A

A. Electron donors
B. Positive charge

33
Q

Anion

A

A. Electron acceptors
B. Negative charger

34
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

A. Weakest attractions btwn diff. molecules.
- contain polar covalent bonds
- covalently bound H attracts charged atoms

35
Q

Water

A

A. Forms many H-bonds.
B. Surface tension

36
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

A. Formation, rearrangement, breakage of chem. bonds
- energy is transferred. waste heat is lost.

37
Q

Chemical Equations

A

A. written in the form of the chemical reactions involved
- A+B—>C
-Reactants=A,B
-Products=C

38
Q

Synthesis (Anabolic) Reactions

A

A. Atoms/ molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules
- ALWAYS involves some type of chem. bond formation
-ALWAYS involves the input of chem. energy
-A+B—> AB
- Amino Acids—> Protein

39
Q

Decomposition (Catabolic) Reactions

A

A. Large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, constituent atoms.
- chem. bonds broken
- chem. energy is always released.
-that energy may or may not be useful for another purchase
- D—> E+E+E+E…+E

40
Q

Chem. Exchange Reactions

A

A. Both synthesis and decomp. occur in the same reaction
- AB+CD<—>AD+CB

41
Q

Reversibility of chem. reactions

A

A. All chem. reactions are theoretically reversible.
- energy has to be added back to reverse

42
Q

What do chem. reactions push for?

A

A. State of equilibrium
- rates of forward/ reverse reactions are =
- products/ reactants are in balanced proportions

43
Q

Things that change rate of reactions

A

A. Molecular collisions required for a chem. reaction
-Probability is impacted by:
1. Temperature
2. Particle Size
3. Concentration
4. Catalysts

44
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

A. Usually lack carbon atoms
- usu. smaller molecules
- H2O
- Gases, e.g., O2, CO2, N2
- Various ions: electrolytes

45
Q

Waters Special Properties

A
  1. High Heat capacity
  2. High heat of vaporization
  3. Polarity Properties (is a good solvent)
  4. Reactivity
  5. Lubrication/ Cushioning
46
Q

Salts

A

A. Contains cations and anions
B. Ionize into component ions when dissolved in H2O
C. Ions called electrolytes

47
Q

Acids

A

A. Break ionic bonds when dissolved in H2O, changes # of ions in solution.
B. Proton donors, dissociate to release hydrogen ions/ anions

48
Q

Bases

A

A. Break ionic bonds when dissolved in H2O, changes # of ions in solution.
B. Proton acceptors
C. Generally dissociates into Hydroxyl ion and one/ more cations

49
Q
A

A&P1 (2 decks)

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