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A&P1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

The Human Body: An Orientation

1
Q

Anatomy (Structure)

A

How it is conSTRUCTed

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2
Q

Physiology (Function)

A

How it works

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3
Q

Function is dependent on

A

Structure (ex: valve in heart: keeps blood flow unidirectional)

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4
Q

Function is specific to

A

Location (ex: cartilage in ears)

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5
Q

Structural Organization

A
  1. Chemical- atoms make molecules
  2. Cellular Level- cells are made up of said molecules
  3. Tissue- made up of similar types of cells
  4. Organ- Made up of different types of tissues
  5. Organ System- made up of different organs
  6. Organismal Level- humans are made up of different organ systems
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6
Q
  1. Chemical
A

A. Atoms/ Bonds (CO2, O2, H)
B. Molecules (small organic/ inorganic, proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids)

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7
Q
  1. Cellular Level
A

A. Cells: basic structural/ functional units of all living things.
B. Specialized for different functions
C. Cellular organelles are assembled from various molecules

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8
Q
  1. Tissue Level
A

A. Group of cells that perform common function
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Connective Tissue
4. Nervous tissue

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9
Q
  1. Organ Level
A

A. 2 or more diff. types of tissue organized to do specific funtions

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10
Q
  1. Organ System Level
A

A. Organs that work together to accomplish a similar purpose, makes up an organ system

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11
Q
  1. Organismal Level
A

A. All organ systems working to maintain life

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12
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A
  1. Maintaining Boundaries: keeping inside diff. from the outside
  2. Movement: general movement of everything in/ out of the body (walking, blood cells, mitochondria)
  3. Responsiveness: detecting, responding to the internal/ external environments
  4. Digestion: breaking down food for molecules to be absorbed
  5. Metabolism: all biochemical processes in the body
  6. Excretion: remove waste from body
  7. Reproduction: forming of new cells for growth, repair, replacement
  8. Growth: inc. in size due to more cells
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13
Q

Survival Needs

A

I. nutrients, O2, H2O, normal body temp., atmospheric pressure

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

A. Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside changes constantly

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15
Q

Important for Homeostasis

A

A. organ systems working all the time.
B. Cells/ Organs need a constant internal environment
C. Internal environment stays withing boundaries - stability of body fluid

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16
Q

Homeostatic Systems

A

A. Receptor: detects change in variable (stimulus/ stress)
- Sends input to control center
B. Control Center: Assesses input, sends output to effector(s)
C. Effector: Causes response
- an effect which is triggered by output.

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17
Q

Negative Feedback Control

A

A. results in return to homeostatic equilibrium b/c response reduces stimulus.
B. Ex: regulation of body temp.

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18
Q

Positive Feedback Control

A

A. Shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium b/c the response inc. the stimulus level (stress)
B. Ex: pregnancy/ childbirth, blood clotting

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19
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances

A

A. Diseases/ Injuries
B. Systemic changes are present, may suggest cause.
- symptoms: subjective changes in body system, not observable.
- signs: observable, subjective

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20
Q

Anatomical

A

a constant reference point

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21
Q

Regional terms

A

A. Axial (head, neck, and trunk)
B. Appendicular (limbs)

22
Q

Sagittal plane (Median)

A

runs longitudinally, divides body into L/R parts. Cut down the midline of the body

23
Q

Frontal (Coronal Plane)

A

Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

24
Q

Transverse (Cross)

A

horizontally splits the body, superior (above) and inferior (below)

25
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

towards head end/ upper part of body

26
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head/ lower part of a structure.

27
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

towards/ front of the body

28
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward/ back of the body

29
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

A. Cranial (head)
B. Vertebral/ Spinal

30
Q

Ventral Body cavity

A

A. Thoracic (chest)
-pleural (lung)
-mediastinum (weird spot in chest above breasts)

31
Q

Membranes in the ventral cavity

A

A. “fist in a balloon”
B. Membrane inside a membrane
C. Body cavity lined with serous membrane, produces the serous fluid.
D. Membrane named depending on its position, and cavitys organs inside.

32
Q

Parietal

A
  • outer membrane
  • on the body wall
33
Q

Visceral

A
  • the inner membrane
  • on the organ wall
34
Q

Cephalic (head)

A

Anterior:
1. Frontal: forehead
2. Orbital: eye socket
3. Nasal: nose
4. Buccal: cheeks
5. Oral: mouth
6. Mental: chin

35
Q

Cephalic (Head)

A

Posterior:
1. Otic: ears
2. Occipital: back of head

36
Q

Cervical = ?

A

neck region

37
Q

Thoracic (chest)

A

Anterior:
1. Sternal (sternum)
2. Axillary (armpit)
3. Mammary (breast)

38
Q

Abdominal (trunk)

A
  1. Umbilical (belly button/ navel)
39
Q

Pelvic (Pelvis)

A

Anterior:
1. Inguinal (groin)

40
Q

Pubic=?

A

Genital region

41
Q

Upper Limbs (Arms)

A

Anterior:
1. Acromial (shoulder)
2. Brachial (arm)
3. Antecubital (ant. surface of elbow)
4. Antebrachial (forearm)
5. Carpal (wrist)

42
Q

Manus (Hand)

A

Anterior:
1. Pollex (thumb)
2. Palmer (palm)
3. Digital (fingers/ toes)

43
Q

Lower Limb (legs)

A

Anterior:
1. Coxal (hip)
2. Femoral (thigh)
3. Patellar ( knee)
4. Crural (leg/ shin)
5. Fibular/ peroneal (side of the leg)

44
Q

Pedal (foot)

A

Anterior:
1. Tarsal (ankle)
2. Digital (toes)
3. Hallux (great toe)

45
Q

Cephalic (head)

A

Posterior:
1. Otic: ears
2. Occipital: back of head

46
Q

Upper Limbs (Arms)

A
  1. Acromial (shoulder)
  2. Brachial (arm)
  3. Olecranal (posterior aspect of the elbow)
  4. Antebrachial (forearm)
47
Q

Manus (hand)

A
  1. Digital (fingers/ toes)
48
Q

Lower Limbs (legs)

A
  1. Femoral (thigh)
  2. Popliteal (back of knee)
  3. Sural (calf/ post. surface of the leg)
49
Q

Pedal (foot)

A
  1. Calcaneal (heel)
  2. Plantar (sole of the foot)
50
Q

Dorsum (back)

A
  1. Scapular (shoulder blade area)
  2. Vertebral (area of the spinal column)
  3. Lumbar (area of back between the ribs and hips; the loin)
  4. Sacral (region between the hips)
  5. Gluteal (buttocks)
  6. Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia)
51
Q

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

A
  1. Right hypochondriac region (liver, gallbladder)
  2. Epigastric region (stomach)
  3. Left hypochondriac region (diaphragm)
  4. Right lumbar region (ascend. colon of large intestine)
  5. Umbilical region (small intestine)
  6. Left lumbar region (descending color of large intestine)
  7. Right iliac (inguinal) region (cecum. appendix)
  8. hypogastric (pubic) region (urinary bladder)
  9. left iliac (inguinal) region (initial part of sigmoid colon
52
Q

Organ systems (dont need to know)

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive

A&P1 (2 decks)

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