Chapter 1 Flashcards
The Human Body: An Orientation
Anatomy (Structure)
How it is conSTRUCTed
Physiology (Function)
How it works
Function is dependent on
Structure (ex: valve in heart: keeps blood flow unidirectional)
Function is specific to
Location (ex: cartilage in ears)
Structural Organization
- Chemical- atoms make molecules
- Cellular Level- cells are made up of said molecules
- Tissue- made up of similar types of cells
- Organ- Made up of different types of tissues
- Organ System- made up of different organs
- Organismal Level- humans are made up of different organ systems
- Chemical
A. Atoms/ Bonds (CO2, O2, H)
B. Molecules (small organic/ inorganic, proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids)
- Cellular Level
A. Cells: basic structural/ functional units of all living things.
B. Specialized for different functions
C. Cellular organelles are assembled from various molecules
- Tissue Level
A. Group of cells that perform common function
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Connective Tissue
4. Nervous tissue
- Organ Level
A. 2 or more diff. types of tissue organized to do specific funtions
- Organ System Level
A. Organs that work together to accomplish a similar purpose, makes up an organ system
- Organismal Level
A. All organ systems working to maintain life
Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining Boundaries: keeping inside diff. from the outside
- Movement: general movement of everything in/ out of the body (walking, blood cells, mitochondria)
- Responsiveness: detecting, responding to the internal/ external environments
- Digestion: breaking down food for molecules to be absorbed
- Metabolism: all biochemical processes in the body
- Excretion: remove waste from body
- Reproduction: forming of new cells for growth, repair, replacement
- Growth: inc. in size due to more cells
Survival Needs
I. nutrients, O2, H2O, normal body temp., atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
A. Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside changes constantly
Important for Homeostasis
A. organ systems working all the time.
B. Cells/ Organs need a constant internal environment
C. Internal environment stays withing boundaries - stability of body fluid
Homeostatic Systems
A. Receptor: detects change in variable (stimulus/ stress)
- Sends input to control center
B. Control Center: Assesses input, sends output to effector(s)
C. Effector: Causes response
- an effect which is triggered by output.
Negative Feedback Control
A. results in return to homeostatic equilibrium b/c response reduces stimulus.
B. Ex: regulation of body temp.
Positive Feedback Control
A. Shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium b/c the response inc. the stimulus level (stress)
B. Ex: pregnancy/ childbirth, blood clotting
Homeostatic Imbalances
A. Diseases/ Injuries
B. Systemic changes are present, may suggest cause.
- symptoms: subjective changes in body system, not observable.
- signs: observable, subjective
Anatomical
a constant reference point
Regional terms
A. Axial (head, neck, and trunk)
B. Appendicular (limbs)
Sagittal plane (Median)
runs longitudinally, divides body into L/R parts. Cut down the midline of the body
Frontal (Coronal Plane)
Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse (Cross)
horizontally splits the body, superior (above) and inferior (below)
Superior (cranial)
towards head end/ upper part of body
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head/ lower part of a structure.
Anterior (ventral)
towards/ front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward/ back of the body
Dorsal Body Cavity
A. Cranial (head)
B. Vertebral/ Spinal
Ventral Body cavity
A. Thoracic (chest)
-pleural (lung)
-mediastinum (weird spot in chest above breasts)
Membranes in the ventral cavity
A. “fist in a balloon”
B. Membrane inside a membrane
C. Body cavity lined with serous membrane, produces the serous fluid.
D. Membrane named depending on its position, and cavitys organs inside.
Parietal
- outer membrane
- on the body wall
Visceral
- the inner membrane
- on the organ wall
Cephalic (head)
Anterior:
1. Frontal: forehead
2. Orbital: eye socket
3. Nasal: nose
4. Buccal: cheeks
5. Oral: mouth
6. Mental: chin
Cephalic (Head)
Posterior:
1. Otic: ears
2. Occipital: back of head
Cervical = ?
neck region
Thoracic (chest)
Anterior:
1. Sternal (sternum)
2. Axillary (armpit)
3. Mammary (breast)
Abdominal (trunk)
- Umbilical (belly button/ navel)
Pelvic (Pelvis)
Anterior:
1. Inguinal (groin)
Pubic=?
Genital region
Upper Limbs (Arms)
Anterior:
1. Acromial (shoulder)
2. Brachial (arm)
3. Antecubital (ant. surface of elbow)
4. Antebrachial (forearm)
5. Carpal (wrist)
Manus (Hand)
Anterior:
1. Pollex (thumb)
2. Palmer (palm)
3. Digital (fingers/ toes)
Lower Limb (legs)
Anterior:
1. Coxal (hip)
2. Femoral (thigh)
3. Patellar ( knee)
4. Crural (leg/ shin)
5. Fibular/ peroneal (side of the leg)
Pedal (foot)
Anterior:
1. Tarsal (ankle)
2. Digital (toes)
3. Hallux (great toe)
Cephalic (head)
Posterior:
1. Otic: ears
2. Occipital: back of head
Upper Limbs (Arms)
- Acromial (shoulder)
- Brachial (arm)
- Olecranal (posterior aspect of the elbow)
- Antebrachial (forearm)
Manus (hand)
- Digital (fingers/ toes)
Lower Limbs (legs)
- Femoral (thigh)
- Popliteal (back of knee)
- Sural (calf/ post. surface of the leg)
Pedal (foot)
- Calcaneal (heel)
- Plantar (sole of the foot)
Dorsum (back)
- Scapular (shoulder blade area)
- Vertebral (area of the spinal column)
- Lumbar (area of back between the ribs and hips; the loin)
- Sacral (region between the hips)
- Gluteal (buttocks)
- Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia)
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
- Right hypochondriac region (liver, gallbladder)
- Epigastric region (stomach)
- Left hypochondriac region (diaphragm)
- Right lumbar region (ascend. colon of large intestine)
- Umbilical region (small intestine)
- Left lumbar region (descending color of large intestine)
- Right iliac (inguinal) region (cecum. appendix)
- hypogastric (pubic) region (urinary bladder)
- left iliac (inguinal) region (initial part of sigmoid colon
Organ systems (dont need to know)
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
