Chapter 2 Flashcards
offense against persons or property [“street crimes”, “hard to hide crimes”]
visible crimes
against people, resulting in death or injury [homicide, rape]
violent crimes [vis.]
threaten property, have financial needs [shoplifting, burglary]
property crimes [vis.]
threaten well-being of society [vandalism, disorderly conduct, drunkenness]
public order crimes [vis.]
committed through legal business opportunities
occupational crimes
enterprise of illegal activity [gambling, sex trafficking, money laundering]
organized crime
crimes involving various countries [counterfeit money/money laundering, gov. infiltration]
transitional crime
willing exchange of illegal goods & services [drug sales, prostitution]
victimless crimes
crime committed for ideological purposes [treason, espionage]
political crime
crime that involves 1+ computers [stealing funds/identity, not hacking/scamming]
cybercrime
the idea that more crime occurs than what is reported
dark figure of crime
annual report on reported crimes from the fbi
uniform crime reports (ucr)
police report desc. offense, offender data, & victim data
national incident-based report system (nibrs)
survey from bureau of justice statistics on reported & unreported crime
national crime victimization surveys (ncvs)
8 index offenses
criminal homicide, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, robbery, larceny/theft, auto theft, arson
study of role & impact of crime on victim
victimology
lifestyle exposure theory
based on victim demographics [who is victimized]
routine activities theory
convergence of specific elements of a crime [who is victimized]
age, race, gender
specific influence on being victim of a crime [who is victimized]
city dwellers
below the federal poverty threshold, higher victimization rate [who is victimized
costs of crime
economic, physical, emotional
fear of crime
limits freedom, less safe, social anxiety
criminal behavior is free will; offenders held accountable & punished
classical criminology
social, bio., & psych. factors; punished specifically to need of offender
positivist criminology
born criminals; physical traits/heredity through disease [genetic makeup, iq]
criminogenic [bio. explanation]
crime caused by unconscious forces & drives (freud) [id, ego, superego: drives, desires, conscience]
psych. explanations
crime caused by social conditions
sociological explanations
criminal behavior related to social class
social structure theories [soc. explanation]
anyone can be a criminal offender: regardless of demographics
social process theories [soc. explanation]
criminal activity is learned
learning theories [soc. explanation]
learned from interactions with others
theory of differential association [soc. explanation]
social links keep society in line [family, church, peers]
control theories [soc. explanation]
criminal because persons are labeled as criminals by society
labeling theories [soc. explanation]
laws & justice made by powerful to control the weak [critical theory]
critical criminology
crimes due to conflict within society [critical theory]
social conflict theories
focus on male criminality; explores female role in crime [critical theory]
feminist theories
identify factors that shape criminal activity over lifetime on individual, factors that pos./neg. affect behavior, correlate crime to series of events/life choices
life course theories
combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model
integrated theories
women in crime
less likely to commit crime than men, commit diff. crimes than men, arrested more for larceny/theft
learned behavior, labeling effect
social process theories
punishment used to control certain groups
critical theories
turning point in one’s life
life-course theories
