Chapter 2 Flashcards
Terms for Colliding Cultures
Middle Ground
A kind of cross-cultural space that’s allowed for native and European interaction, negotiation, and accommondation.
France’s Mode of Colonialism, french traders would adopt the gift giving and mediation strategies expected of Native leaders and Natives would do likewise with European markets and laws.
Metis/”Sage”
Offspring of Native American women and French men
Patroon
Importing Labor
- encouraged colonization
- granted large estates to wealthy landowners who paid tenants to work their land
Was not sucessful in the Netherlands leading the importation of African slaves to Dutch colonized areas
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided territory between Spain and Portugal in 1494, codified the doctrine of discovery
Enclosure
Drove peasants off the land and created a mass of poor and landless people
- Turn public land into private-owned land
- Sparked by the transition of English landholders from agriculutre to livestock raising
- Created the working class (factory workers)
Black Legend
Drew on religious differences and political rivalries
- Many not wanting to marry due to not wanting to have their children slaves to Spaniards (considered a Black Legend)
Jamestown
The first permanent English colony in the present-day United States
- Was a profit-seeking venture backed by investors; hoped for easy riches but found none
- Saved by tobacco after 80% of English immigrants perishing
- First place that the House of Burgesses met (Limited representative body composed of white landowners)
Powhatan Confederacy
Group of people speaking Algonquian language that harvested the 3 sisters
- Big threat to the English but eventually destroyed
- Found by the English near Jamestown
- Helped keep the English alive during winter; traded
1. Had guerrilla wars with the English, eased relations with marriage
2. Had territorial conflict when English tried expanding for tobacco
Tobacco
Traded with England
* provided an economic base, incentive for colonization, and spurred slavery in English colonies
- Saved Virginia from ruin, incentivized further colonization, laying groundwork for the United States
- Was a labor-intensive crop
Chattel Slavery
Developed as a system to codify the status of enslaved people in law as property and determine the status of children
Idealogy of Race
- Developed ideas of race to justify conquest and exploitation of natives
- Justified brutal treatment of enslaved Africans and that slaves were considerd property
- Reinforced segregation and biological differences in race
- Race = a social construct to maintain power dynamics and justifying inequalities leading to hierarchies
Indian Extermination
- Used encomienda system to control the natives leading people to death
- Diseases would decimate Native population
- Conflict of Natives and settlers leading to extermination of Native groups
- Laid groundwork of extermination of Natives due to being framed for being obstacles to expansion and European progress
World System
Developed majorily by European colonial expansion
- Colonial Exploitation and Trade
- Slavery and Labor System
- Cultural Exchanges and Conflicts
Complex and interconnected economic and cultural relationships that were established
Slavery and Race
Roots of this system developed during this period (early 17th century)
- Was an essential part to Dutch capitalist triumphs
- Needed workers for sugar/tobacco plantations
- Was ideas of African inferiority, making skin color and race fixed
Puritan
Had settlements in New England consisting of
* Independent small-landholder
* Closed communities with broad popular participation in governance and town life
Reduced the Native Pop. by 90% after settling after smallpox
Utopian communities eroded over time as religious pluralism and prosperity increased
