Chapter 2

Question 1

WHat is Theoria

Answer 1

signifies those sciences and activities
concerned with knowing for its own sake,

Question 2

what is praxis

Answer 2

corresponds to action or doing.

Question 3

What did Dewey men when he described experimental knowing?

Answer 3

as
essentially an art that involves a conscious, directed manipulation of objects and situations. “The craftsman perfects his art, not by comparing his product to some ‘ideal’ model, but by the cumulative results of experience—experience which benefits from tried and tested procedures but always involves risk
and novelty”

Question 4

When Dewey described empirical investigation, what did he mean?

Answer 4

that is, research, as the
ground between theory and practice and the testing of theory in action.

Question 5

Among the most important challenges facing us?

Answer 5

is to understand health behavior and to transform
knowledge about behavior into effective strategies for health enhancement

Question 6

The larger picture of health
improvement and disease reduction is better described as a cycle of interacting types of endeavors, which are?

Answer 6

fundamental research
intervention research, surveillance research , and application and program delivery

Question 7

What is fundamental research?

Answer 7

research into determinants as well as development of methodologies

Question 8

What is intervention research?

Answer 8

research aimed toward change

Question 9

What is surveillance research?

Answer 9

research that tracks
population-wide trends, including maintenance of change

Question 10

Regularly updated critical appraisals of the
available literature are central to?

Answer 10

identifying interventions that should be disseminated in order to reduce
the burden of disease

Question 11

What are interventionists?

Answer 11

Professionals charged with responsibility for improving health behavior

Question 12

The design of interventions that yield desirable changes can be improved when….

Answer 12

it is done with an
understanding of theories of behavior change and an ability to use them skillfully in research and practice

Question 13

In health behavior, the circumstances include?

Answer 13

the nature of the target audience and the
setting, resources, goals, and constraints

Question 14

What Is Theory?

Answer 14

is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of
events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain and predict events or
situations.

Question 15

What do we mean when we say Theories are by their nature abstract?

Answer 15

they do not have a specified content or topic
area. Like an empty coffee cup, they have a shape and boundaries but nothing concrete inside

Question 16

What is a formal theory?

Answer 16

more an ideal than a reality—is a completely closed deductive system of propositions
that identifies the interrelationships among the concepts and is a systematic view of the phenomena

Question 17

In terms of program planning and theory, what is the WHY?

Answer 17

why people are not following public health and medical advice
or not caring for themselves in healthy ways

Question 18

In terms of program planning and theory, what is the what?

Answer 18

What one needs to know before
developing and organizing an intervention program and what should be monitored, measured, and/or compared in a program evaluation

Question 19

In terms of program planning and theory, what is the how?

Answer 19

They can provide insight into how to shape program
strategies to reach people and organizations and make an impact on them

Question 20

What are Explanatory
theories?

Answer 20

often called a theory of the problem, help to describe and identify why a problem exists. These theories also predict behaviors under defined conditions. They guide the search for modifiable factors like
knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, lack of resources, and so on

Question 21

What are change theories?

Answer 21

theories of action, guide the development of interventions. They also form the basis for evaluation,
pushing the evaluator to make explicit her or his assumptions about how a program should work.

Question 22

What are Implementation theories?

Answer 22

are change theories that link theory specifically to a given problem, audience,
and context

Question 23

The why tells us?

Answer 23

about the processes through which changes occur in particular target variables.

Question 24

The proliferation of theories in
health behavior poses a challenge:

Answer 24

When do we accept a theory as truly advancing our understanding of a
phenomenon?

Question 25

What are Concepts?

Answer 25

are the major components of a theory; they are its building blocks or primary elements.

Question 26

What are constructs?

Answer 26

When concepts are developed or adopted for use in a particular theory

Question 27

What is another example of a construct?

Answer 27

perceived susceptibility
in the Health Belief Model

Question 28

What are variables?

Answer 28

are the empirical counterparts, or operational forms, of constructs. They specify how a
construct is to be measured in a specific situation.

Question 29

What are principles?

Answer 29

are general guidelines for action. They are broad and
nonspecific and may actually distort realities or results based on research. Principles may be based on
precedent or history or on research.

Question 30

What is a paradigm?

Answer 30

is a basic schema that organizes our broadly based view of something

Question 31

What defines the
dominant paradigm that constitutes the body of science

Answer 31

The collective judgments of scientists

Question 32

What is the dominant paradigm that supports the largest body
of theory and research?

Answer 32

logical positivism, or logical empiricism

Question 33

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 33

starts with a general statement or theory and then applies it to specific cases. If the general statement is true, the conclusion drawn from it must also be true. It’s like a top-down approach.

General theory → Specific conclusion (Guaranteed truth if the premises are true).

Question 34

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 34

It starts with specific observations or examples and then draws a general conclusion from them. It’s like a bottom-up approach. However, the conclusion is not guaranteed to be true, just likely.