Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are the different forces on an organization?
Political forces
Social forces
Economic Forces
Technological forces
What are political forces?
the influence of political and legal institutions on people and organizations
What are social forces?
the aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people, their values, needs, and standards of behavior
What are economic forces?
forces that affect the availability, production, and distribution of a society’s resources among competing users.
What are technological forces?
the way organizations are managed, requiring leaders to be more adaptable, data-driven, and technologically savvy.
What is classical perspective?
Who is the founder of scientific management?
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
What is scientific management?
What are bureaucratic organizations?
What is the importance of bureaucratic organizations?
What are the Elements of Bureaucracy
- labor is divided with clear definitions of authority and responsibility that are legitimized as official duties
- positions are organized in a hierarchy, with each position under the authority of a higher one
- all personnel are selected and promoted based on technical qualifications, which are assessed by examination or according to training and experience.
- administrative acts and decisions are recorded in writing. Record-keeping provides organizational memory and continuity over time.
- Management is separate from the ownership and organization.
- Managers are subject to rules and procedures that will ensure reliable, predictable behavior. Rules are impersonal and uniformly applied to all employees.
Who is Mary Parker Follett?
(1868-1933) trained in philosophy and political science at Radcliffe College.
- wrote the importance of common superordinate goals for reducing conflict in organizations
- popular with business people, overlooked by management scholars
- her leadership stressed the importance of people rather than engineering techniques
What is the administrative principles approach?
a subfield of classical management perspective that focused on the total organization rather than the individual worker, delineating the management function of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
What are humanistic perspectives?
a management perspective that emerged around the late 19th century that emphasized understanding human behavior, needs, and attitudes in the workplace.
Importance of Hawthorne studies?
- a series of experiments on worker productivity beginning in 1924 at Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company (Illinois).
- attributed employees’ increased output to managers better treatment of them during the study
Assumptions of Theory X
- the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible…
- due to human characteristic of dislike, people have to be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequete effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives
- the average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, wants security
Assumptions of Theory Y
- the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. The average human being does not inherently dislike work….
- external control and threat of punishment are not only means for bringing about effort toward organizational objectives. A person will exercise self-direction and control in service of objectives to which he or she is committed…
- under proper conditions humans will learn to accept and seek responsibility
- the capacity of exercise is a relatively high degree to imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population.
- under conditions of modern industrial like, intellectual potential of humans are only partially used.
What is Management Science?
a management perspective that emerged after World War II and applied math, science, and other quantitative techniques to managerial problems.
What is operations Research
consists of mathematical model building and other applications of quantitative techniques to managerial problems.
What is systems theory?
An extension of the humanistic perspective that describes organizations as open systems that are characterized by entropy, synergy, and subsystem interdependence.
What is Open System?
A system that interacts with the external environment.
What is a Closed System?
A system that does not interact with the external environment.
What is Entropy?
The tendency for a system to run down and die.
what is synergy?
the concept that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
What is TQM?
Total Quality Management.
- focuses on managing the total organization to deliver quality to customers.
What is a subsystem?
parts of a system that depend on one another for their functioning.
What are the four elements of TQM?
employee involvement, focus on the customer, benchmarking, and continuous improvement.
what is employee involvement?
Requires company wide participation in quality control.
Focus on the customer
all employees focus on the customer by finding out what the customers want and they try to meet their need and expectations.
What is Benchmarking?
refers to a process whereby companies fid out how others do something better than they do and they try to imitate or improve on it,
Continuous improvement
the implementation of small, incremental improvement in all areas of the organization on an ongoing basis
What is Learning Organization?
organization in which everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organization to continuously experiment, improve, and increase its capability.
What are the four elements of Learning Organization?
Team based Structure
Empowered Employees
Open Information
What is Organizational Development?
field that uses behavioral sciences to improve organization
what is Operations Management?
focuses on the physical
production of goods and services
What is Information Technology?
focuses on technology and software to aid managers
What is systems thinking?
- The ability to see the distinct elements of a situation as well as the complexities
– The relationship among the parts form the whole system
What is Customer Relationship Management?
technology used to build relationship with
customers
What is Outsourcing?
contracting functions or activities to other organizations to cut costs
What is Supply Chain Management?
managing supplier and purchaser relationships to get goods to consumers
